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1、NanoStructuredMaterials,Vol.12,pp.l-8,1999ElsevierScienceLtdPergamon01999ActaMetallurgicaInc.PrintedintheUSA.Allrightsreserved0969113l99l$-seefrontmatterPI1SO9659773(99)00055-OTHEEVOLUTIONOFNANOSCALEQUANTUMEFFECTSINSEMICONDUCTORPHYSICSLeoEsakiTsukuba,lbaraki3054047JA
2、PANAbstract--Intheearlytwentiethcentury,encounterswithphysicalphenomenawhichrequiredetailedanalysesinnanoscale,suchaselectronmotion,promptedtheadventofquantummechanics,sinceNewtonianmechanicscouldnotpossiblyprovideanadequateexplanationforthem.Electrontunnelingthrough
3、nanoscalebarriersisthemostdirectconsequenceofthelawofquantummechanics,forwhichtheEsakitunneldiodegavemostconvincingexperimentalevidencein1957.Followingtheevolutionarypathofnanoscienceinsemiconductorphysics,significantmilestonesarepresentedincludingresonanttunneldiode
4、s,superlattices,quantumwiresanddots.015%ActaMetallurgicaInc.INTRODUCTIONThetwentiethcenturywillbecharacterizedbythefactthatscienceandtechnologyhavemaderemarkableprogress,includingtheestablishmentofquantummechanics,thedevelopmentofsemiconductordeviceswiththeinventiono
5、fthetransistorandtheevolutionofcomputers/telecommunications.Intheearlycentury,encounterswithphysicalphenomenasuchaselectron’smotionorphoton’sbehaviorforwhichNewtonianmechanicscouldnotpossiblyprovideanadequateexplanation,promptedtheadventofquantummechanics.Theframewor
6、kofquantummechanicswasestablishedinthesuperbworkofWernerHeisenberg,ErwinSchrijdinger,PaulDiracandMaxBornintheperiod192526.Duringtheinfancyofthequantumtheory,deBroglie(1)introducedanewfundamentalhypothesisthatmatterwasendowedwithadualisticnature-particlesmayalsohaveth
7、echaracteristicsofwaves.Thishypothesisfoundexpression,inthehandsofSchriidinger(2),inthedefiniteformnowknownastheSchriidingerwaveequation,wherebyanelectronisassumedtoberepresentedbyasolutiontothisequation.Thecontinuousnon-zeronatureofsuchsolutions,eveninclassicallyfor
8、biddenregionsofnegativekineticenergy,impliesanabilitytopenetratesuchforbiddenregionsandaprobabilityoftunnelingfromoneclassicallyall
