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1、HowFictionWorksJAMESWOODFarrar,StrausandGirouxNewYorkFarrar,StrausandGiroux18West18thStreet,NewYork10011Copyright©2008byJamesWoodAllrightsreservedDistributedinCanadabyDouglas&MclntyreLtd.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaFirstedition,2008LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataWood,James,196
2、5-Howfictionworks/JamesWood.—1sted.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978-0-374-17340-1(hardcover:alk.paper)ISBN-10:0-374-17340-0(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Fiction.I.Title.PN3331.W672008808.3—dc222008010290DesignedbyJonathanD.Lippincottwww.fsgbooks,com13579108642ForNormanandElsaRu
3、shAndforC.D.M.ContentsPrefacexiANoteonFootnotesandDatesxvNarrating3FlaubertandModernNarrative39FlaubertandtheRiseoftheFlaneur47Detail59Character95ABriefHistoryofConsciousness139SympathyandComplexity169Language181Dialogue213Truth,Convention,Realism223Bibliography249Index253Thereisonlyonerecipe—toc
4、areagreatdealforthecookery.—HenryJamesPrefaceIn1857,JohnRuskinwrotealittlebookcalledTheElementsofDrawing.Itisapa-tientprimer,intended,bycastingacritic'seyeoverthebusinessofcreation,tohelpthepracticingpainter,thecuriousviewer,theordinaryartlover.Ruskinbeginsbyurginghisreaderstolookatnature—tolook,
5、say,ataleaf,andthentocopyitinpencil.Heincludeshisowndrawingofaleaf.HemovesfromaleaftoapaintingbyTin-toretto:noticethebrushstrokes,saysRuskin,seehowhedrawsthehands,lookathowhepaysattentiontotheshading.Stepbystep,Ruskintakeshisreadersthroughthepro-cessesofcreation.Hisauthoritycomesnotfromhisowntech
6、niqueasadraftsman—hewasanaccomplishedartistbutnotagreatlygiftedone—butfromwhathiseyehasseenandhowwell,andhisabilitytotransmitthatvisionintoprose.Therearesurprisinglyfewbookslikethisaboutfiction.E.M.Forster'sAspectsoftheNovel,publishedin1927,iscanonicalfor(xii)PREFACEgoodreason,butnowseemsimprecis
7、e.Iad-mireMilanKundera'sthreebooksontheartoffiction,butKunderaisanovelistandessayistratherthanapracticalcritic;occa-sionallywewanthishandstobeabitinkierwithtext.Mytwofavoritetwentieth-centurycriticsofthenovelaretheRuss
