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时间:2019-06-29
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1、Unit3HumansintheAmazon—ALong-LostHistoryComestoLight1TheAmazonrainforestisoneofthemostsignificantandlargelyintactecosystemsleftontheearth.Itisoftencharacterizedasanessentiallyuntouchednaturalenvironmentinwhichman'spresenceismerelysecondary.However,vastreachesofth
2、erainforesthavebeenlivedinandshapedbyhumanhandsforthousandsofyears. 2 TheAmazonRiverBasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromRenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531,FranciscoPiz
3、arrooverthrewtheIncanempire,removingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdo
4、wntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.Eightmonthslater,thisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazon,havingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver. 3 Amissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableacc
5、ountoftheiradventurestothePope,includingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrival,warningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvi
6、llagesinsuccession,andsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversince,fortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhich,ifverified,wouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhidden,thinlyscatteredtribe
7、sscratchingoutanuncertainexistence.4 Beginninginthelateseventeenthcentury,thesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseum
8、spreservea"window"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans.5 Populationcollapseandmovem
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