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1、RANDOMWALKTOGRAPHENENobelLecture,December8,2010byANDREK.GEIMSchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,TheUniversityofManchester,OxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UnitedKingdom.Ifonewantstounderstandthebeautifulphysicsofgraphene,theywillbespoiledforchoicewithsomanyreviewsa
2、ndpopularsciencearticlesnowavailable.IhopethatthereaderwillexcusemeifonthisoccasionIrecommendmyownwritings[1–3].Insteadofrepeatingmyselfhere,IhavechosentodescribemytwistyscientificroadthateventuallyledtotheNobelPrize.Mostpartsofthisstoryarenotdescribeda
3、nywhereelse,anditstime-linecoverstheperiodfrommyPhDin1987tothemomentwhenour2004paper,recognisedbytheNobelCommittee,wasacceptedforpublication.Thestorynaturallygetsdenserineventsandexplanationstowardstheend.Also,itprovidesadetailedreviewofpre-2004literat
4、ureand,withthebenefitofhindsight,attemptstoanalysewhygraphenehasattractedsomuchinter-est.Ihavetriedmybesttomakethisarticlenotonlyinformativebutalsoeasytoread,evenfornon-physicists.ZOMBIEMANAGEMENTMyPhDthesiswascalled“Investigationofmechanismsoftransport
5、relaxa-tioninmetalsbyaheliconresonancemethod”.AllIcansayisthatthestuffwasasinterestingatthattimeasitsoundstothereadertoday.Ipublishedfivejournalpapersandfinishedthethesisinfiveyears,theofficialdurationforaPhDatmyinstitution,theInstituteofSolidStatePhysics.
6、WebofScienceso-berlyrevealsthatthepaperswerecitedtwice,byco-authorsonly.ThesubjectwasdeadadecadebeforeIevenstartedmyPhD.However,everycloudhasitssilverlining,andwhatIuniquelylearnedfromthatexperiencewasthatIshouldnevertortureresearchstudentsbyofferingth
7、em“zombie”projects.AftermyPhD,IworkedasastaffscientistattheInstituteofMicro-electronicsTechnology,Chernogolovka,whichbelongstotheRussianAcademyofSciences.TheSovietsystemallowedandevenencouragedjuniorstafftochoosetheirownlineofresearch.Afterayearofpokin
8、gindifferentdirections,Iseparatedresearch-wisefrommyformerPhDsupervisor,VictorPetrashov,andstarteddevelopingmyownniche.Itwasanexperimentalsystemthatwasbothnewanddoable,whichwasnearlyanoxymoron,takingintoaccountthescarceresourcesavailabl
