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TheDifferencesinHistoryandCulturebetweenChineseandWesternArchitecture 建筑是人类文明的沉淀，也是人类文明的载体。它以其独特的语言方式向人们倾述着各地区、各民族的思想观念、宗教情感、审美情趣等等。所以地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。Architectureisnotonlytheprecipitationofhumancivilization,butalsothecarrierofhumancivilization.Itrevealstheideologicalconcept,religiousfeelingsandaestheticinterestsofallpeoplesinallregionstouswithitsdistinctivelanguageexpressions.Therefore,Chineseandthewestwithdifferentregions,historyandculturealsohavedifferentarchitecturalphilosophy.Meanwhile,theChinesepeopleandwesternersalsohavequitedifferencesonaestheticstandards,characterandtemperament.Alltheseimpactthelocalartsofarchitecturaldesign. Chineseandthewestwithdifferentregions,historyandculturealsohavedifferentarchitecturalphilosophy.Meanwhile,theChinesepeopleandwesternersalsohavequitedifferencesonaestheticstandards,characterandtemperament.Alltheseimpactthelocalartsofarchitecturaldesign.地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。Therefore,atfirst,wespeciallydiscussedsomedifferencesontherootofthearchitecturebetweentheeastandthewest.Herein,ItakeGreeceasthewesternrepresentative.因此，特地在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的代表。 Buildingmaterials,reflectedthedifferentbetweenChineseandwesternmaterialcultureandphilosophyofthedifferences. Judgingfromthebuildingmaterials,inmodernarchitecturenotproducedbefore,alltheworldhasdevelopedmatureconstructionsystem,includingbelongtoeasternarchitectureofIndianarchitectureinside,basically,areformajorconstructionmaterialstobrickybuild,belongstothebrickstructuresystem.SuchasthepyramidsinEgypt,ancientGreektemple,Romanchichenitza,theShuShuiDao,inEuropeinthemiddleages,thechurch...Allarebuiltwithstonematerial,nottinghaveisnotthe"stone"inthehistoryofhistoricallefttestimony. OnlyinChineseancientbuildings(includingneighbouringJapan,Koreaandotherregions)isthewoodtodothemainframehouses,belongtotimberworksystem,thusisknownas"woodhistory". Thelayoutofarchitecturalspace,reflectthedifferentcharacteristicsbetweenChineseandwesternsystemculture,thedifference. Chinawhateverbuilding,fromhousingtothepalace,almostisapattern,similartothe"quad"mode.ThebeautyofChinesearchitectureisakindof"collective"beauty.Forexample;Beijingpalace,theMingtombsMingtemple,qufu ThefirstdifferenceisthatthearchitecturesinGreekareperceptualandperfectlyseekforplasticartsandformalbeauty.However,theChinesearchitectureisgreatlyinfluencedbyethicthoughts.TheseconddifferenceisonhistoryandculturebetweenChineseandwesternarchitectureisthespiritofdemocracyinthewestandautocraticandhierarchicalthinkinginChina.ThethirddifferenceisthemysteriousreligiouscontentofthewesternarchitectureandharmonicrealisminChina.Thewesternersbelieveingodandhaveakindofextraordinarydevotiontoreligion.However,theChinesepeoplebelievethattheirfateswillbeintheirownhands. Firstly,wediscusstheperceptionalarchitectureinGreece.TheancientGreekarchitecturepursuedplasticarts,andeachbuildingseemedtobeasculpture.Theypursuedharmonyandconsideredthathumanbodywasthemostharmoniousandbeautifulshapeintheworld.Thephysicalbeautyiswellreflectedintheirarchitectures.Forinstance,theDoricorderrepresentedmalemodelisresoluteandmagnificent.TheIonicorderrepresentedfemalemodelisgentleandgraceful.Asshowningraphs:Thefirstdifference首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上得到了很好的体现，如代表男体的多立克柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女体的爱奥尼柱式柔和端丽。 多立克柱式是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种（公元前7世纪），（另外2种柱式是爱奥尼柱式和科林斯柱式），它们都源于古希腊。特点是比较粗大雄壮，没有柱础，柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰，多立克柱又被称为男性柱。来显示刚劲和力量。最早的高度与直径之比为6：1，后来改至7：1。著名的雅典卫城（AthenAcropolis）的帕提农神庙（Parthenon）即采用的是多立克柱式。 这多立克式的是高浮雕，甚至圆雕，强调体积，爱奥尼式的是薄浮雕，强调线条。 这两种柱式，确实可以说是分别典型的概括了男性和女性的体态与性格，不仅是像维特鲁威所说的那样简单地模仿男体和女体的比例。 。Next,weexploredthespiritofethicsinChinesearchitecture.Contrarytothetendencyofpursuingformalbeauty,attractiveappearanceandsculptureinGreece,theChinesepeopledon’tpursuetheexternalbeautybutconsiderthatthearchitectureistheplaceofliving,thinkingandcultivatingmoral,andshouldfocusonethics.接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点Thefirstdifference 群体和谐的思想是中国建筑美学的特征，也正是中国建筑的独特理念。因此中国建筑以向水平方向发展为主，极力削弱个体建筑的突出。这种形式的布局，不是以单体建筑的造型取胜，而是以群体的对称、呼应、错落有序形成整体气势。中国人有着令人惊讶的对建筑群体的驾驭能力。ThethoughtofgroupharmonyisthecharacteristicsofChinesearchitecturalaesthetics,butalsotheuniqueideasofChinesearchitecture.Therefore,Chinesearchitectureismainlyinhorizontaldevelopment,astoweakenthehighlightoftheindividualarchitecturegreatly.Thiskindoflayoutbecamedominantdependingontheoverallmomentumofthesymmetry,concertandgoodorderamonggroupsinsteadofthemodelingofindividualarchitecture.Chinesepeoplehavesurprisingcontrolabilitytothearchitecturalgroups.Thefirstdifference Thefirstdifference InthegroupharmonyofChinesearchitectures,itischaracterizedby“courtesy”oftheConfucianism.“Courtesy”isthecriteriaofdividingintothedifferencesamongpeople.Therefore,ithasclearexpressionontheprimaryandsecondaryinarchitecture.Thearchitectureswithdifferentgradeshavethecorrespondingposition,form,colorandroofstyles,etc.AllthesealsoreflectedtheethicsofChinesearchitecture.Forinstance,intheForbiddenCity,allthebuildingsarearrangedinacertaincourtesyorder,soastoshowthetremendousmomentum.中国建筑的群体和谐中，以儒家的“礼”的思想为特色。“礼”是一种划分人与人之间差异区别的标准，因此，建筑中有着鲜明的主次表达。不同级别的建筑有着与自身级别相应的位置、形式、色彩、屋顶样式等等。这也正体现了中国建筑的伦理观念。Thefirstdifference图 故宫 TheseconddifferenceonhistoryandculturebetweenChineseandwesternarchitectureisthespiritofdemocracyinthewestandautocraticandhierarchicalthinkinginChina.中西方建筑历史文化的第二个差异是西方的民主精神和和中国的专制等级思想。Theseconddifference 在古希腊建筑中，大型建筑往往依地势而建，并不强调中轴对称和等级思想。如雅典的建筑卫城中，建筑物的安排顺应地势，布局方式自由活泼，给人的感觉是生机勃勃多于庄严肃穆。Theseconddifference图雅典卫城山门Graph4thePropylaeainAthensAcropolisIntheancientGreekarchitectures,thelarge-scalebuildingsareoftenestablishedaccordingtothetopography,notemphasizedtheaxissymmetryandhierarchicalthinking.Forinstance,intheAcropolisofAthens,thelayoutofbuildingsisinaccordancewiththetopography.Thefreeandlivelylayoutmakespeoplefullofvigormorethaninasolemnandawe-inspiringatmosphere. IntheancientChinesearchitectures,therealwaysshowedthewell-fortifiedhierarchyfromthelayout,dimension,structuralunits,architecturalornaments,buildingmaterialstothecitysize,eventheroadwidth,etc.Thestronghierarchyregulationsarefilledwitheverywhere.Evensomerelativelawsandregulationinvolved.而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒森严的等级制度，从建筑的布局方位、形体大小、结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑材料到城市大小、道路宽度等等，处处凝聚着强烈的等级规范。甚至还有相关法律规定。Theseconddifference ThethirddifferenceisthemysteriousreligiouscontentofthewesternarchitectureandharmonicrealisminChina.Thewesternersbelieveingodandhaveakindofextraordinarydevotiontoreligion.However,theChinesepeoplebelievethattheirfateswillbeintheirownhands.Theywillbesafeandsoundifabidingbythelawsandbehavethemselves.Theywillbepunishedifmakingmistakes.TheChinesepeopleareveryrealistic.TheywillnotbelieveinGodtoomuchbutliveinpeaceandcoordinatewithreality.EventheancientChinesereligiousbuildingsarealsofilledwithquiteastrongsecularcolor.第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己就会平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的世俗色彩。Thethirddifference 西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在古建筑中宗教建筑往往代表着时代建筑的最高水平。设计师们使用垂直发展的空间序列和挺拔向上的形式，来表达人们对神的崇拜以及对天国的热切向往和痴迷。西方人不像中国人重视世俗皇权，而是重视自己心灵中的神，用最好的材料、最好的技术来建造一座座名垂千古的神庙和教堂。ThethirddifferenceThewesternerspaidmoreattentiontothereligiousbuildings.Intheancientbuildings,thereligiousbuildingsoftenrepresentthetoplevelofthearchitectureatthattime.Thedesignersappliedtheverticalspacesequenceandupwardstraightformtoexpressthepeople’sworshiptotheGodandtheeageryearningandinfatuationtotheheaven.ThewesternerspaidlessattentiontothesecularityandauthoritythantheChinese,butpaidmoreattentiontotheGodintheirminds.Theyestablishedmanyimmortaltemplesandchurcheswiththebestmaterialsandtechniques. 此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，无论是帕提农神庙，还是万神庙和基督教的教堂，它们的内部空间都具有某种神秘的感召力量，讲置身其中的人们的精神引导向缥缈的远方。Inaddition,thearchitectsoftenmakeuseofshadowtocreatetherichandmysteriousatmosphereinreligiousbuildings,whetherParthenonor thePantheon andtemplesandChristchurch,theirinternalspacehavesomemysteriouspowertoguidethespiritofthepresentpeopletotheelusiveanddistantplace.Thethirddifference图帕提农神庙Graph5ThelParthenon图万神庙Graph6thePantheon图圣索非亚大教堂Graph7.HagiaSophiacathedral Inconclusion,therearemanydifferencesonancientarchitecturalculturebetweentheeastandthewest.Hereinwedonotexpoundindetailedanymore.Thankyou.
