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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME84,JANUARY–MARCH2012Colloquium:QuantuminterferenceofclustersandmoleculesKlausHornbergerUniversityofDuisburg-Essen,FacultyofPhysics,Lotharstraße1-21,47048Duisburg,GermanyStefanGerlich,PhilippHaslinger,StefanNimmrichter,andMarkusArndtUniversityofVienna,ViennaCe
2、nterforQuantumScienceandTechnologyVCQ,FacultyofPhysics,Boltzmanngasse5,A-1090Vienna,Austria(published8February2012)Recentprogressandfutureprospectsofmatter-waveinterferometrywithcomplexorganicmole-culesandinorganicclustersarereviewed.Threevariantsofanear-fieldinterferenceeffect,basedondif
3、fractionbymaterialnanostructures,atopticalphasegratings,andationizinglaserfieldsareconsidered.Thetheoreticalconceptsunderlyingtheseexperimentsandtheexperimentalchallengesarediscussed.Thisincludesoptimizinginterferometerdesignsaswellasunderstandingtheroleofdecoherence.Thehighsensitivityofm
4、atter-waveinterferenceexperimentstoexternalperturbationsisdemonstratedtobeusefulforaccuratelymeasuringinternalpropertiesofdelocalizednano-particles.Theprospectsforprobingthequantumsuperpositionprincipleareinvestigatedinthelimitofhighparticlemassandcomplexity.DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.84.157
5、PACSnumbers:03.75.DgCONTENTSparadigmofquantummechanics.AccordingtoRichardFeynman,iteven‘‘containstheonlymystery’’ofquantumI.Introduction157physics(Feynman,Leighton,andSands,1965).Andindeed,II.FromFar-FieldtoNear-FieldInterferometry158thespatialdelocalizationofobjectscomposedofhundredsofA
6、.Coherenceconsiderations158atoms,overextensionsthatexceedtheparticlesizebyordersB.Enteringthenearfield159ofmagnitude,clearlydefiesourcommonintuition.InspiteofC.ConceptofTalbot-Lauinterferometry(TLI)160that,suchhighlynonclassicalstateshavebeencreatedre-III.Near-fieldInterferencewithNanoparti
7、cles160peatedlyinthelaboratoryandareusedforfundamentalA.Talbot-Lauinterferometry160science.B.Kapitza-Dirac-Talbot-Lauinterferometry(KDTLI)162Recentmatter-waveexperimentswithnanometer-sizedC.Interferometrywithpulsedopticalgratings(OTIMA)163particleshaveopenedanewfieldofrese
