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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME82,APRIL–JUNE2010Laser-drivennonlinearclusterdynamicsTh.Fennel,K.-H.Meiwes-Broer,andJ.TiggesbäumkerInstitutfürPhysik,UniversitätRostock,D-18051Rostock,GermanyP.-G.ReinhardInstitutfürTheoretischePhysik,UniversitätErlangen,D-91058Erlangen,GermanyP.M.DinhandE.S
2、uraudLaboratoiredePhysiqueThéorique,UniversitéPaulSabatier,CNRS,F-31062ToulouseCedex,FrancePublished8June2010Laserexcitationofnanometer-sizedatomicandmolecularclustersoffersvariousopportunitiestoexploreandcontrolultrafastmany-particledynamics.WhereasweaklaserÞeldsallowtheanalysisofpho
3、toionization,excited-staterelaxation,andstructuralmodiÞcationsontheseÞnitequantumsystems,large-amplitudecollectiveelectronmotionandCoulombexplosioncanbeinducedwithintenselaserpulses.Thisreviewprovidesanoverviewofkeyphenomenaarisingfromlaser-clusterinteractionswithfocusonnonlinearoptical
4、excitationsanddiscussestheunderlyingprocessesaccordingtothecurrentunderstanding.Ageneralsurveycoversbasicclusterpropertiesandexcitationmechanismsrelevantforlaser-drivenclusterdynamics.Then,afteranexcursionintheoreticalandexperimentalmethods,resultsforsingle-photonandmultiphotonexcitatio
5、nsarereviewedwithemphasisonsignaturesfromtime-andangular-resolvedphotoemission.AkeyissueofthisreviewisthebroadspectrumofphenomenaarisingfromclustersexposedtostrongÞelds,wheretheinteractionwiththelaserpulsecreatesshort-livedanddensenanoplasmas.Theimplicationsfortechnicaldevelopmentssucha
6、sthecontrolledgenerationofion,electron,andradiationpulseswillbeaddressedalongwithcorrespondingexamples.Finally,futureprospectsoflaser-clusterresearchaswellasexperimentalandtheoreticalchallengesarediscussed.DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1793PACSnumbers:36.40.c,52.50.JmCONTENTSB.Multiphoto
7、nsignatures18161.Competitionoflinearandnonlinearexcitations1816I.Introduction1794II.GeneralSurveyofLaser-ClusterInteractions17952.Above-thresholdionizationandA.Basicclusterpropertiesandtimescales1796thermalization1818B.IntenselaserÞelds:Keyparameters1798VI.ClusterDynamicsinStro
