资源描述：
《《生物与气候》PPT课件》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、生物地理學氣候陸生生態系風—地球循環系統的重要部份地理生態學Todoscienceistosearchforpatterns,notsimplytoaccumulatefacts,andtodothescienceofgeographicalecologyistosearchforpatternsofplantandanimallifethatcanbeputonamap.氣候Weather任何時間地點的溫度,壓力,溼度,降水,日照,雲量,風向,風速等物理特性Front兩個具不同溫度與密度的氣團的交界氣候WarmFront暖空氣密度較低,遇冷空氣上升凝結
2、成雲,逐漸厚實後雲層降低,釋放其濕氣時將飄小雨ColdFront冷空氣密度較高,於暖空氣下方呈楔形,被推擠向上的暖空氣凝結成大水滴,常有雷雨形成氣候Tornado龍捲風於陸地上快速形成難以預測Tropicalcyclone熱帶暴風於海上長期形成可追蹤其路徑與風速生成於大西洋稱颶風,於太平洋稱颱風氣候Climate長期的天氣狀況,平均溫度與平均雨量為決定氣候的兩個重要因子氣候氣流與氣候1.地表受熱不均2.地球軸線(假想線)為傾斜3.地球自轉4.太陽能量的偶發性衝擊地球5.空氣與水的特性洋流與氣候溫室效應RainshadoweffectSeaandLandB
3、reezes地球的主要生態系溫度雨量與生態系溫度雨量與生態系海拔緯度與生態系世界主要沙漠分布Twomajorbands:30oNand30oS.Occupyabout30%ofearth’slandsurface.Waterlossexceedsprecip.mostoftheyear.Soilusuallyextremelylowinorganicmatter.Plantcoverrangesfromsparsetoabsent.Animalabundancelow,butbiodiversitymayberelativelyhigh.Strongbe
4、havioraladaptations.Humanintrusionincreasing.人類對沙漠的衝擊世界主要草原分布TropicalSavannaOftenoccurimmediatelyN/SofRainForests.Climatealternatesbetweenwet/dryseasons.Droughtassociatedwithdryseasonleadstodryconditionsandsubsequentlightning-causedwildfires.Soilshavelowwaterpermeability.Saturate
5、dsoilskeepstreesout.Increasingpressuretoproducelivestock.TemperateGrasslandExtremelywidespreaddistribution.Annualrainfall300–1,000mm.Experienceperiodicdroughts.Soilstendextremelynutrientrichanddeep.Thoroughlydominatedbyherbaceousvegetation.Largeroamingungulates.Bisonvs.cattleTund
6、raCoversmostoflandsNofArcticCircle.Climatetypicallycoolanddrywithshortsummers.200-600mmprecip.Lowdecompositionrates.Supportssubstantialnumbersofnativemammals.Humanintrusionhistoricallylow,butincreasingasresourcesbecomescarce.人類對草原的衝擊世界主要森林分布TropicalRainforestsMostoccurwithin10ola
7、t.ofequator.Littletemp.variationbetweenmonth.Annualrainfall2,000–4,000mmrelativelyevenlydistributed.Heavyrainfallquicklyleachessoilnutrients.Organismsaddverticaldimensiontoecology.Harborstaplefoodsandmedicinesforworld’shumanpopulations–increasinglyexploited.LatitudinalGradientsin
8、SpeciesRichnessMostgroupsoforganismsarem
