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1、LasertechnologyR.E.SlusherBellLaboratories,LucentTechnologies,MurrayHill,NewJersey07974Lasertechnologyduringthe20thcenturyisreviewedemphasizingthelaser’sevolutionfromsciencetotechnologyandsubsequentcontributionsoflasertechnologytoscience.Asthecenturydraw
2、stoaclose,lasersaremakingstrongcontributionstocommunications,materialsprocessing,datastorage,imagerecording,medicine,anddefense.Examplesfromtheseareasdemonstratethestunningimpactoflaserlightonoursociety.Laseradvancesarehelpingtogeneratenewscienceasillust
3、ratedbyseveralexamplesinphysicsandbiology.Free-electronlasersusedformaterialsprocessingandlaseracceleratorsaredescribedasdevelopinglasertechnologiesforthenextcentury.[S0034-6861(99)02802-0]1.INTRODUCTIONLighthasalwaysplayedacentralroleinthestudyofphysics
4、,chemistry,andbiology.Lightiskeytoboththeevolutionoftheuniverseandtotheevolutionoflifeonearth.Thiscenturyanewformoflight,laserlight,hasbeendiscoveredonoursmallplanetandisalreadyfacilitatingaglobalinformationtransformationaswellasprovidingimportantcontrib
5、utionstomedicine,industrialmaterialprocessing,datastorage,printing,anddefense.Thisreviewwilltracethedevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologythatledtotheinventionofthelaserandgiveafewexamplesofhowlasersarecontributingtobothtechnologicalapplicationsandprogressin
6、basicscience.Therearemanyotherexcellentsourcesthatcovervariousaspectsofthelasersandlasertechnologyincludingarticlesfromthe25thanniversaryofthelaser(AusubellandLangford,1987)andtextbooks(e.g.,Siegman,1986;AgrawalandDutta,1993;andReady,1997).Lightamplifica
7、tionbystimulatedemissionofradiation(LASER)isachievedbyexcitingtheelectronic,vibrational,rotational,orcooperativemodesofamaterialintoanonequilibriumstatesothatphotonspropagatingthroughthesystemareamplifiedcoherentlybystimulatedemission.Excitationofthisopt
8、icalgainmediumcanbeaccomplishedbyusingopticalradiation,electricalcurrentanddischarges,orchemicalreactions.Theamplifyingmediumisplacedinanopticalresonatorstructure,forexamplebetweentwohighreflectivitymirrorsinaFabry-Perotin
