semantics简要介绍

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1、SemanticsWhatissemantics?Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticularThen,whatismeaning?languagemustmakecontactwiththeoutsideworld.Thiscontactiswhatwecallmeaning.Severalviewsconcerningt

2、hestudyofmeaningG.Leechandhis7typesofmeaningTheConceptualistViewContextualismBehaviorismSuggestedbyOgdenandRichardSemantictriangleThought/reference(concept,sense)Symbol(word)Referent(thing)SenseRelations-----AntonymyAntonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types

3、:Gradableantonymy,ComplementaryantonymyConverseantonymyGradableantonymy分等级反义e.g.good;badlong;shortbig;smalla.thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.b.thereisnoabsolutecriterionComplementaryantonymy互补反义e.g.male;femalepass;failinnocent;guiltya.themembersofapairinthistype

4、arecomplementarytoeachotherConverseantonymy逆向反义e.g.buy;sellhusband;wifeabove;belowa.theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentitiesSenseRelations-----SynonymyDialectalsynonymseg:liftvs.elevatorflatvs.apartmentSynonymsofdifferentstyleseg:gentlemanvs.guySynonymsofdifferentregiste

5、rseg:slatvs.sodiumchlorideSynonymsdifferinginaffectivemeaningeg:attractvs.seduceSynonymsdifferingincollocationeg:beautifulvs.handsomeablevs.capableSenseRelations-----HomonymyHomophoneseg:rainvs.reignnightvs.knightHomographseg:tear(v.)vs.tear(n.)lead(v.)vs.lead(n.)Completehomonymseg:

6、ballbankwatchscalefastSenseRelations-----HyponymyItreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.SuperordinatesHyponymscohyponymsSenseRelations-----SenseRelations-----HyponymyMusicalinstrumentspianofluteguitarviolintubatromboneHyponymyFishsnappers

7、almonbasssoletroutchinookspringcohokingsockeycomponentialanalysisSomelinguistssuggestthatthemeaningofawordisnotanunanalysablewholebutcouldbefurtheranalysedintosmallercomponents.Forexcemple：男人女人男孩女孩男性女性成年非成年人类男人{(人类）（成年)（男性）}女人{(人类）（成年）（女性）}男孩{(人类）（非成年）（男性）}女孩{(人类）（非成年）（女性）}例1Themanc

8、hasedthedogThedogch