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1、练习一Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan__1__performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,whostu
2、dyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon__2__andgiftsfromothers. Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,__3__amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall__4__rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestin
3、gthatproperlypresentedinducements(刺激)indeed__5__inventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology. “Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively__6__task,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversi
4、tyofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasyto__7__creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards. Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsourhighgradesfor__8__achievementendsuPwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.As
5、anexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand__9__failinggrades. Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows_
6、_10__inraisingeffortsandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.A)mental F)especially K)generally B)promise G)aidL)improveC)kill H)ordinaryM)challengingD)avoid I)approval N)restoreE)hope J)monetary O)excellent练习二Readingisthoughttobeakindofconversati
7、onbetweenthereaderandthetext.Thereaderputsquestions,asitwere,tothetextandgetsanswers.Inthelightoftheseheputs__1__questions,andsoon. Formostofthetimethis“conversation”goesonbelowthelevelofconsciousness.Attimes,however,webecome__2__ofit.Thisisusuallywhenweareru
8、nningintodifficulties,whenmismatchisoccurringbetween__3__andmeaning.Whensuccessfulmatchingisbeingexperienced,ourquestionofthetextcontinuesattheunconsciouslevel. Differentpeople__4
