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1、部分考研真题汇总（语言学导论部分）北京外国语大学I．Explainthefollowingterms.1.langue(2010)II.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howdoyoucomparethetrafficlightsystemwithahumanlinguisticsystem?(2010)提示：Boththetrafficlightsystemandhumanlinguisticsystembelongtothelanguagesystem.Bothcanconveyinformationtohu
2、manbeings.Thekeydifferenceliesinduality.Linguistsrefer“duality”(ofstructure)tothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,words,etc).Atthe
3、second,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.Withduality,ourlanguageisendowedwiththegreatproductivepower.Thetrafficlightsystemdoesnothaveduality,becauseitsprimaryleveldoesnothaveindependentunitswhichcanb
4、eunitedfreelyintomeaningfulsecondaryunits.Oneformcorrespondstoonemeaning.Thatis,theredlightmeanstostop;thegreenonemeanstopass;theyellowonemeanstopauseforpassorstop.Thetrafficlightsystemismorelikeanimalcommunicativesystemratherthanhumanlanguage.北京第二外国语大学I．Completeeachofthef
5、ollowingstatements.1.Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsiscalled________.（2004）2.Anapproachinlinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis__________.（2004，2008）3.Whenlanguageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormai
6、ntainingsocialcontactratherthanexchanginginformationorideas,itsfunctionis____function.（2005，2008，2010）4.InSaussure’sviews,therelationshipbetweensignifier(soundimage)andsignified(concept)is_______.（2005）5.By____ismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsof
7、theprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.（2005）6.Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofthe_____levelarecomposedofelementsofthe____levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinc
8、iplesoforganization.（2006）7.AccordingtoChomsky,theobjectofinvestigationinlinguisticsisthe
