语言学资料(机密级)

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1、定义（Definition）Phonetics:Itisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmitted,andreceived.Phonology:Itisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsfunctioninalanguage.Itstudiesthewaysspeechsoundsareorganized.Morphology:Itisthestudyoftheformat

2、ionofwords.Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichbreakswordsintomorphemes.***Syntax:Itdealswiththecombinationofwordsintophrases,clausesandsentences.Itisthegrammarofsentenceconstruction.Semantics:Itisabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginallitsfor

3、malaspects.Wordshaveseveraltypesofmeaning.Asentenceneedstobewellformedbothsyntacticallyandsemantically.Pragmatics:Itcanbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Itdealswithhowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone,andhowhearersa

4、rriveattheintendedmeaningofspeakers.Linguistics:Itcanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.Itisascienceinthesensethatitscientificallystudiestherules,systemsandprinciplesofhumanlanguages.Itdealswithawiderangeoflinguisticphenomena,analyzesthem,an

5、dmakesgeneralstatementsaboutthem.13Language:Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.术语翻译（termstranslation）13linguistics语言学philology语文学phonetics语音学phonology音位学morphology形态学syntax句法学semantics语义学pragmatics语用学sociolinguistics社会语言学psycholingui

6、stics心理语言学macrolinguistics宏观语言学stylistics文体学textlinguistics文本语言学computationallinguistics计算语言学cognitivelinguistics认知语言学appliedlinguistics应用语言学language语言arbitrariness随意性duality二重性productivity创造性interchangeability互换性displacement位移性specialization特殊性culturaltrans

7、mission文化的传递性synchroniclinguistics共时语言学diachroniclinguistics历时语言学langue语言parole言语competence语言能力performance语言行为psychologicalconstruct心理构建13syntagmaticrelations横组合关系paradigmaticrelations纵聚合关系functionalism功能主义formalism形式主义speechorgans发音器官articulatoryphonetics发声

8、语音学acousticphonetics声学语音学auditoryphonetics听觉语音学articulators发音器官voicedsounds浊音voicelesssounds清音variationsofsounds音的变体elision省音assimilation同化phonemes音位minimalpairs最小对立体minimalsets最小集合freevariation