《土壤形成和发育》PPT课件

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1、UNITE2SOILENVIRONMENTALPROCESSES土壤环境过程7.SoilFormationandDevelopment土壤形成和发育8.SoilColloidalChemistryandSurfaceReaction土壤胶体化学和表面反应9.SoilAcidity/AlkalinityandRe-doxReaction土壤酸碱性和氧化还原反应10.SoilNutrientCycling土壤养分元素循环1红壤7.1Soil-formingfactorsanditsfunctions土壤形成因素及其在土壤发生中的作用7.2Pedogen

2、icprocesses土壤形成过程7.3Soildevelopment土壤发育7.SoilFormationandDevelopment土壤形成和发育2Inlaternineteenth-centuryRussia,V.V.Dokuchaevoriginallyidentifiedtheprincipalsoil-formingfactorsasclimate,biota,parentmaterial,reliefandlandscapeage.7.1.1Soil-formingfactors土壤形成因素7.1Soil-formingfactors

3、anditsfunctions土壤形成因素及其在土壤发生中的作用又称成土因素，是影响土壤形成和发育的基本因素，它是一种物质、力、条件或关系或它们的组合，其已经对土壤形成发生影响或将影响土壤的形成。成土因素学说3TheinfluenceofenvironmentfactorsonsoilformationwasconsideredinamoresystematicmannerfollowingtheworkofJenny(1941).Soil=f(cl,o,r,p,t,(h)······)climate气候organisms生物relief地形par

4、entmaterial母质time时间humanactive人为活动Clorpt函数式4成土因素学说的基本原理土壤是成土因素综合作用的结果成土因素具有同等重要性和不可替代性成土因素的时空分异导致土壤演化持续进行Theoperationofpedogenicprocessesiscontrolledbyanumberofenvironmentalfactorsoperatingthroughthemediumoftimeandthatthesedeterminethetypeofsoilproducedinanyparticularlocation.

5、Thesoil-formingfactorsoperateincombination.Itisnotpossibletoranktheminorderofimportance–theyareallequallyimportant,althoughwithinanyoneenvironmentcertainfactorsmayhaveamoredominantinfluenceonsoilformationthanothers.5地带性土壤（Zonalsoils）Attheregionalandglobalscale,climateandbiotaw

6、illhaveadominantinfluenceonsoilformation,andsoiltypescanberelatedingeneraltermstobioclimaticzones.Theremainingfactorswillthenaccountforvariationsinsoilformationwithinaparticularbioclimaticzone.Zonalsoils:soilvariedwithlatitudeaccordingtoclimaticandvegetationconditions.Intrazon

7、alsoils:soilsweremorecloselyassociatedwithparentmaterialordrainageconditions.Azonalsoils:soilswerepoorlydeveloped,duomainlytolackoftime.6全球土壤-植被景观图7全球气温时空变化对土壤形成的影响8全球降水量时空变化对土壤形成的影响9SurfacerockweatheringWeatheringcrust（风化壳）SoilParentmaterialismainmineralsourcesofsoilformation

8、,anditsnatureisfundamentaltomanysoilcharacteristics.7.1.2母质(P