向朝红 语言学概论课堂重点笔记

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1、语言学概论课堂重点笔记Session2:SpeechSoundsI.Consonants1.上下唇(lips)、2.上下齿(upper/lowercentralincisortooth)、3.齿龈(gingiva)、4.硬颚(hardpalate)、5.软颚(softpalate)、6.小舌(uvula)、7.舌尖(apex)、8.舌面(blade)、9.舌根(root)、10.咽头(pharynx)、11.会厌软骨(epiglottis)、12.声带(vocalcord)、13.喉头(larynx)、14.气管(windpipe/trachea)、15.食道(esopha

2、gus)、16.口腔(oralcavity)、17.鼻腔(nasalcavity)。(Thesoundanditsarticulator•Lookatthefollowingsoundsandcategorizethembytheirarticulators.pbtdkgtFdVfvWTszFVhmnNwlrj•bilabial(lips):•labiodental(lipsandteeth):•dental(teeth):•Alveolar(gingival):•Postalveolar(postgingival):•Palatal(palate):•Velar(soft

3、palate):•Glottal(larynx):Mannersofarticulation•Lookatthefollowingsoundsandputthemintotherightcategories.•Pbtdkg;mnN;fvWTszFVh;wrj;l;tFdV•Stop:•Nasal:•Fricative:•Approximant:•Lateral:•Affricate:•stop:pbtdkg•nasal:mnN•fricative:fvWTszFVh•approximant:wrj•lateral:l•affricate:tFdV(Summaryonpp40

4、,41) DistinctivefeaturesofconsonantsDiscussinpairswhatdistinctivefeaturesinvolveforEnglishconsonantphonemes.Take/t/and/d/forexample.1.Voicing2.Placesofarticulation3.Mannersofarticulatione.g./t/:voicelessalveolarstop/d/:voicedalveolarstopII.VowelsDiscussingroupsofthreeanddecidewhatcriteriay

5、oucanusetodescribevowels.a.thepartofthetonguethatisraised–front,center,orback.b.Theextenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate,i.e.high,mid(mid-highandmid-low),andlow.c.thekindofopeningmadeatthelips–variousdegreesofliproundingorspreading.d.thepositionofthesoftpalate–raisedfororalv

6、owels,andloweredforvowelswhichhavebeennasalized.e.thewaythetwolipsareroundedwhenproducingsoundswithdifferenttongueheight.III.PhonetictranscriptionWorkingroupsoffouranddiscussthesignificanceofIPA.a.Thereisdivergencebetweenspellingandpronunciation.b.Somelanguagesintheworlddonothaveawritingsy

7、stemoftheirown.c.Thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthatthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.VI.Phonemes,allophones,Coarticulation,assimilationandphonologicalanalysisPhonemesandallophonesReadthefollowingexpress