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1、第一章1、化工生产的特点2、化工安全设计的重要性第二章2.11、本质安全装置主要依赖什么来预防人员伤害、环境破坏和财产损失。Aninherentlysaferplantreliesonchemistryandphysics—thequantity,propertiesandconditionsofuseoftheprocessmaterials—topreventinjuries,environmentaldamageandpropertydamageratherthanoncontrolsystems,interlocks,alarmsandprocedurestostopincip
2、ientincidents.2、“从长远来看，本质安全的装置从成本上更合算的”，谈谈对这句话的理解。Smallerequipmentoperatingatlessseveretemperatureandpressureconditionswillbecheaperandhaveloweroperatingcosts.Aprocessthatdoesnotrequirecomplexsafetyinterlocksandelaborateprocedureswillbesimpler,easiertooperate,andmorereliable.3、尽管可以在工艺或装置整个生命周期内对
3、其进行改进以提高本质安全性，最容易进行改进的在那个阶段？为什么？Althoughaprocessorplantcanbemodifiedtoincreaseinherentsafetyatanytimeinitslifecycle,thepotentialformajorimprovementsisgreatestattheearlieststagesofprocessdevelopment.Attheseearlystages,theprocessengineerhasmaximumdegreesoffreedomintheplantandprocessspecification.T
4、heengineerisfreetoconsiderbasicprocessalternativessuchasfundamentaltechnologyandchemistryandthelocationoftheplant.4、风险如何定义？从哪两个方面进行努力就可以降低风险？降低风险的策略主要有哪几类？（1）Riskhasbeendefinedasameasureofeconomiclossorhumaninjuryintermsofboththeincidentlikelihoodandthemagnitudeofthelossorinjury(CCPS1989).（2）Thu
5、s,anyefforttoreducetheriskarisingfromtheoperationofachemicalprocessingfacilitycanbedirectedtowardreducingthelikelihoodofincidents(incidentfrequency),reducingthemagnitudeofthelossorinjuryshouldanincidentoccur(incidentconsequences),orsomecombinationofboth.（3）Ingeneral,thestrategyforreducingrisk,wh
6、etherdirectedtowardreducingfrequencyorconsequenceofpotentialaccidents,fallsintooneofthefollowingcategories:•Inherent,orIntrinsic—Eliminatingthehazardbyusingmaterialsandprocessconditionsthatarenonhazardous(e.g.,substitutingwaterforaflammablesolvent).•Passive—Eliminatingorminimizingthehazardbyproc
7、essandequipmentdesignfeaturesthatdonoteliminatethehazard,butdoreduceeitherthefrequencyorconsequenceofrealizationofthehazardwithouttheneedforanydevicetofunctionactively(e.g.,theuseofhigherpressureratedequipment).•Active—Using
