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1、Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanetPreparation:Author:BarryCommoner(1917-)bornMay28,1917,Brooklyn,N.Y.U.S.biologistandeducator.HestudiedatHarvardUniversityandtaughtatWashingtonUniversityandQueensCollege.Hiswarnings,sincethe1950s,oftheenvironmentalthreatsposedbymoderntechnology(includingnuclearwe
2、apons,useofpesticidesandothertoxicchemicals,andineffectivewastemanagement)insuchworksashisclassicScienceandSurvival(1966)madehimoneoftheforemostenvironmentalistspokesmenofhistime.Hewasathird-partycandidateforU.S.presidentin1980.Commoner'sactivistcareercanbedefinedasanattempttoweavetoge
3、theralargervisionofsocialjustice.Sincethe1960s,hehascalledattentiontoparallelsbetweentheenvironmental,civilrights,labor,andpeacemovements,andconnectedenvironmentaldeclinewithpoverty,injustice,exploitation,andwar,arguingthattherootcauseofenvironmentalproblemswastheAmericaneconomicsystem
4、anditsmanifestations.Hewasinstrumentalinpointingoutthattherewasadirectassociationbetweensocioeconomicstandingandexposuretoenvironmentalpollutantsandthateconomics,notsocialresponsibility,wasguidingtechnologicaldecisionmaking.2.Culturalnotes1)ThreeMileIsland:TheaccidentattheThreeMileIsla
5、ndUnit2(TMI-2)nuclearpowerplantnearMiddletown,Pennsylvania,onMarch28,1979,wasthemostseriousinU.S.commercialnuclearpowerplantoperatinghistory,eventhoughitledtonodeathsorinjuriestoplantworkersormembersofthenearbycommunity..Butitbroughtaboutsweepingchangesinvolvingemergencyresponseplannin
6、g,reactoroperatortraining,humanfactorsengineering,radiationprotection,andmanyotherareasofnuclearpowerplantoperations.ItalsocausedtheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissiontotightenandheightenitsregulatoryoversight.ResultantchangesinthenuclearpowerindustryandattheNRChadtheeffectofenhancingsafet
7、yThreeMileIslandnuclearpowerplant2)TheChernobylDisasterOnApril25th-26th,1986theWorld'sworstnuclearpoweraccidentoccurredatChernobylintheformerUSSR(nowUkraine).TheChernobylnuclearpowerplantlocated80milesnorthofKievhad4reactorsandwhilsttestingreactornumber4numeroussafetyproceduresweredi
