英语国家概况期末复习资料

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1、TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter1Geography,PeopleandLanguage1.Thefullname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ItismadeupofmanyislandscollectivelyknownastheBritishIsles.GreatBritainandIrelandaretwomainislandsoftheBritish

2、Isles.2.TheRiverThames(secondlongestandmostimportant),originatesinsouthwesternEngland-----NorthSea.3.Scotland(Edinburgh)importantriver:ClydeRiverkilts4.Wales(Cardiff).TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverofBritain------flowthroughwesternEngland.5.NorthernIrelan

3、d(Belfast)LoughNeagh----thelargestlakeintheBritishIsles.6.Climate:temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation(降雨量)Threemajorfeatures:winterfog,rainyday,instability7.London---BuckinghamPalace,Guildhall(市政厅),St.Paul’sCathedral,TheTowerBri

4、dgeofLondon8.ThemajoritypeopleoftepopulationisdescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEurope.MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendantsoftheCelticpeople,includingtheIrishpeople9.EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages.EnglishisintheGerma

5、nicgroup.10.Germanicgroup:EastGermanic,NorthGermanic,WestGermanic.EnglishevolvedfromtheWestGermanicgroup.11.①OldEnglish:influencedbyOldNorsespokenbytheVikingsandwasrelatedtotheGermanandDutchlanguagesandendedwiththeNormanConquest,whenthelanguagewasinfluenc

6、ebytheFrench-speakingNormans.MiddleEnglish:WilliamtheConquerorinvadedandconqueredandtheAnglo-Saxons(NumerousFrenchwordscameintotheEnglishvocabulary)ModernEnglish(15century):WilliamCaxtonbroughtstandardizationtoEnglish,andspellingandgrammarbecamefixed.Thef

7、irstdictionarypublishedin1604.SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagewasinfluentialinastandardformofspelling.12.StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itisalsocalled“theQueen’sEnglish”or“BBCEnglish”.Athirdofworld’spopu

8、lationuseEnglish.Chapter2HistoryRomanPeriod43-410ChristianitywasbroughttoBritainRomanRule1066-1381MagnaCarta;BlackDeathTransitiontoModernAge1455-1688ThewarofRoses;EnglishRenaissanceRiseofBritainEmpire1688-1900Indust