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1、2CausalityinPsychologyandLawGERALDYOUNGANDANDREWW.KANEThestudyofcausalityandrelatedtermshasitsrootsinphilosophy,andtheconceptisconsideredimportantinmanycontemporaryfieldsofresearch.Despiteitspervasiveness,thereislittleagreementinpsychologyandlawaboutcausality’sdefinition,u
2、nderlyingconceptualbasis,andimplicationsforlegalactionsinwhichpsychologyisatissue.Acomprehensiveaccountofcausalityandrelatedterms,whichcanhelpbothfieldsnavigatethedifficultiesthattheseconceptspresent,isdirelyneeded,andthisbookhasbeenwrittentofillthisvoid.Inthefirstsectiono
3、fthischapter,weaddresstheareaoflegalissuesandcausality,suchasevidencelaw,torts,andhowcausalityistreatedinlaw.Then,inthesecondsec-tion,weturntomorepsychologicalconsiderations,suchasforensicmentalhealthassessment(FMHA),disability,andcatastrophicimpairment.Attheendofthechapte
4、r,wepresentinanappendixtheconceptsofreliabilityandvalidityinpsy-chologicalassessment.LegalIssuesandCausalityInthissectionofthechapter,weexplainthebasicrulesandregulationsthatgov-ernexpertpsychologicalevidencepresentedtothecourt,concentratingontheAmericanjudicialsystem,with
5、itsDauberttrilogyandassociatedFederalRulesofEvidence.MostcriteriapresentlyapplicabletoforensicpsychologicalevaluationsandtestimonyderivefromtheU.S.legislationandappellatecourtcases.Otherjurisdictions,suchasCanada,sharemanyofthesamerequirementsofadmissi-bilityofevidenceasth
6、eAmericanapproach.TheirsharedorigininBritishcom-monlawexplainsmuchofthesimilarity.Thenextsectionexaminesthetortsystem,inwhichplaintiffslodgecivilsuitsagainstdefendantsfornegligence,per-sonalinjury,andsoforth.Variouslegaltestsaredescribed.Itisnotedthatcasesofpsychologicalha
7、rmpresentchallengestothecourt.Psychologistsoftenarecalledupontoofferevidenceinsuchcases,andtheyfacechallengesintheirownright.Thethirdsectionexaminestheconceptsofcausalityandcausationinpsychological1314GeraldYoungandAndrewW.Kaneevidenceprofferedtocourt.Weemphasizethattherea
8、renouniversallyacceptedconceptualizations,thatpsychologistsmustbeawarethatcausalityandcau