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1、土木工程专业英语作业Structuralforms班级:07土本一班姓名:房志阳学号:20070701156Structuralforms,suchasthebeamorthearch,havedevelopedthroughtheagesinrelationtotheavailabilityofmaterialsandthetechnologyofthetime.Thearch,forinstance,undoubtedlydevelopedasaresultoftheavailabilityofbrick.Inthetechnologyo
2、fbuildings,everystructuremustworkagainstgravity,whichtendstopulleverythingdowntotheground.Abalancemustthereforebeattainedbetweentheforceofgravity,theshapeofthestructure,andthestrengthofthematerialused.Toprovideacoveroverashelteredspaceandpermitopeningsinthewallsthatsurround
3、it,buildershavedevelopedfourtechniquesconsistentwiththisbalancebetweengravity,form,andmaterial.Thesebuildingtechniquesarepostandlintel,archandvault,truss,andcantileverconstruction.结构形式,如梁或拱,通过多年的发展有关的材料供应和当时的技术。拱,举例来说,无疑开发作为砖供应的结果。在建筑技术,每个结构都必须努力克服地球引力,以对抗地心引力吸引都倒在地上。因此必须达到
4、一个平衡的重力之间的形态、结构、材料的强度。提供超过一间庇护空间的覆盖,并允许在它周围的墙壁开口,符合这四个之间的平衡,材料,形成地心引力。这些建筑技术包括,柱,过梁,拱门和拱顶,桁架,和悬臂施工。Postandlintel.Inpostandlintelconstruction,ahorizontalbeamisplacedacrossthespacebetweentwosupportingposts.Ifthesupportiscontinuous,itiscalledawall;ifaseriesofbeamsarejoinedtoge
5、therintoacontinuoussurface,itiscalledaslab.柱及过梁。在柱和过梁建设中,一个横梁放在整个空间辅助柱。如果是连续的支持,它被称为墙;若一系列梁加入到一个连续的表面在一起,它被称为板。Simplerectilinearbuildingsresultfrompostandlintelconstruction,whichischaracteristicofmuchprimitiveconstructionaswellasoftheclassicalGreektemples.Inthistypeofconstr
6、uction,thepost(orcolumn)carriesonlyaverticalweight,orload,andisthereforeundercompression,andthelintel(orbeam)isbentbytheloadsactingtransverselytoitsaxis.Therefore,thepostmusthavecompressivestrength,andthebeammusthavebendingstrength.Bothwoodandstonewereusedinearlyexamplesoft
7、histypeofconstruction,althoughthelimitedbendingstrengthofstonedictatedtheclosecolumnspacingwhichisapparentinGreektemples.Forexample,intheParthenoninAthens,thespacebetweenthecolumnsisapproximatelyequaltothecolumndiameter.简单的直线和建筑物造成过梁后建设,这是非常原始的建筑特点以及古典希腊庙宇。在这样的建筑类型,杆(或柱)仅带有
8、垂直重量,或负载,并采用压缩,因此,和过梁(或横梁)由作用在横向的轴线的荷载而横向弯曲。因此,柱必须有抗压强度,梁必须有抗弯强度。木材和石头中使用了这种建筑类型早期