Social facilitation ( He chose repeated measures why)

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1、Socialfacilitation(Hechoserepeatedmeasures..why?)Whenworkingwithsomeone,soeffectivelyagainstthatindividualyouworkmuchharder.AnexplanationforthiswasfoundedbyAllport(1924)-evenwhenthereisnopresenceofcompetitionWhenaskinghisparticipantstocompletetaskswithinthevicinityofeachotherth

2、eyworkedbetterthanwhenalone-AllportcalledthistheCo-actioneffectAudienceeffects(Soc.facinaction)Completinganeasiertaskinpublic-performbetterParticipantsdoingadifficultclassperformworsewithanaudience.Micheals(1984)Aim:Affectsofaudienceuponasettask.Method:Fieldexperiment.Procedure

3、:RatepoolplayersonascaleofBelowaverage-Aboveaverage.Researcherthenstoodbypooltableandobservedthemplay.Results:Aboveaverageincreasedfrom71%-80%.BelowaverageDecreasedfrom36%-25%.Conclusion:Audiencesimproveperformanceonwelllearnedskills,butdamagestheperformanceofthosewhowithpoorly

4、learnedskills.Audienceeffectsineverydaylife.Hawthorneeffect:Whenresearchersobservedfactoryworkerstheyfoundthatproductivityincreasedregardlessoftheirenvironment.Oneexplanation:Theywerebeingobservedsochangedtheirbehaviouraccordingly.SocialLoafingWhenworkingingroupsindividualstend

5、toreducetheirownlevelofeffort...thisiscommonlyknownastheRinglemanneffect.Themorepeople=Lesseffort.WhenLateneresearchedthishefoundthatwhenaskedtoclapindividuallyandingroupsthatthethelargerthegroupthelessclappingoccurredindividually.SocialLoafingSporteducationprovideopportunities

6、forsocialloafingasyoucanparticipateinteamsandhideyourworkrate.Combat-Targetsettingintheseareasallowsfortheassessortoidentifyindividualsinalargegroups.DeindividuationLossofselfawarenessandsenseofpersonalresponsibility.Asaresultoffeelinganonymousyouengageinbehaviourthatyouwouldno

7、rmallyrefrainfrom.Thishasbeenusedasaexplanationforcrowdviolence.DeindividuationZimbardo(1969)Femaleparticipantsingroupsoffourgaveelectricshockstolearners.Incondition1theyallworeahoodandidenticalcoats.Incondition2thewomenwereindividualised-theyworetheirownclothesandtagstoIDthem.

8、Result:Anonymouswomengavetwiceasmanyshocksastheindivid