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1、担保物权Security,guarantee,mortgage,lienandpledge2011-09-2609:12:03在牵涉securityinterests时,这是一些十分相似且容易混淆的词汇Security是一个overarching的概念,包含了mortgage,pledge,lien,charge等形式。其本质在于:债权人通过建立与担保物的某种联系(包括占有、所有等)要求债务人对其履行债务或执行义务.Itisalsoariskmanagementdeviseforprotectinganinv
2、estment,orensuringpaymentforaserviceorperformanceofanobligation.与债务(debt)不同,担保是一种对财产的权利:secuirtycreatesarightoverproperty;debtscreateacontracctualobligationtorepay.Guarantee的核心在与indemnitty(赔偿:it’sacollateralcontractenteredbytheguarantortoanswerforthedebtor’
3、sdebtordefultornon-performance)。由guarantee引起的法律权利和义务是一种次级责任和义务,其产生的前提是借贷双方的primaryagreementhascometoanend。与secuirty中grantor和debtor往往是同一个人不同,guarantee一定存在第三方,因为guarantee之所以产生是因为creditor对debtor的不信任(havenoabsolutefaith)。Mortgage被广泛理解为按揭,但其本身不仅限于抵押realproperty,
4、也可以是personalproperty。Mortgage不依赖对物的占有(non-possessoryrights),区别于其他概念的地方在于该种抵押effectedbymeansofconveyanceoftheproperty,即所有权(title)的变更:由承押人mortgagor予mortgage产生时转移至受押人mortgagee,再由mortgagee予mortgagor履行完所有义务后交回。Charge和mortgage一样,产生不依赖对物的占有的权利(non-possessoryrights
5、),与mortgage不同之处在于charge不涉及产权的转移(passingoftitle),受押记人chargee有权在押记人chargor不履行义务时占用受压财产(bestowproprietarytoapproriateanassetorclassofassets).Lien留置,是根据协定(createdbycontract)或由法律在必要情况下产生的(impliedbylaw,eg,vendor’sequitablelien)对于货物的担保物权。区别于mortgage和charge,该权利依赖于对
6、物的占有(retainpossessionofencumberedproperty);区别于pledge,这种占有无法转化为销售权(rightofsale)。Pledgeor“pawn”质押,以寄托的方式实现担保(totakesecuritythroughuseofabailment);pledge和lien一样依赖对物的占有,区别是在质押人plegor不履行义务时,pledge不旦允许占有质押物,通常也允许销售质押物。Hypothecationisthepracticewhere(usuallythroug
7、haletterofhypothecation)aborrowerpledgescollateraltosecureadebtoraborrower,asaconditionprecedenttoaloan,orhasathirdparty(usuallyanaffiliate)pledgecollateralfortheborrower.a.)Hypothecationisamodeofsecurityinwhichbankextendstheassistancetothecompanyagainstthe
8、securityofmovableproperty.Neitherthepropertynorthepossessionofthegoodshypothecatedistransferredtothebank.Ifthecompanyfailstorepaytheamountofassistance,insuchcasethebankhastherighttosellthegoodshypothec