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1、BRWiley/Razavi/FundamentalsofMicroelectronics[Razavi.clsv.2006]June30,2007at13:421(1)1IntroductiontoMicroelectronicsOverthepastfivedecades,microelectronicshasrevolutionizedourlives.Whilebeyondtherealmofpossibilityafewdecadesago,cellphones,digitalcameras,laptopcom
2、puters,andmanyotherelectronicproductshavenowbecomeanintegralpartofourdailyaffairs.Learningmicroelectronicscanbefun.Aswelearnhoweachdeviceoperates,howdevicescomprisecircuitsthatperforminterestingandusefulfunctions,andhowcircuitsformsophisti-catedsystems,webeginto
3、seethebeautyofmicroelectronicsandappreciatethereasonsforitsexplosivegrowth.Thischaptergivesanoverviewofmicroelectronicssoastoprovideacontextforthematerialpresentedinthisbook.Weintroduceexamplesofmicroelectronicsystemsandidentifyimportantcircuit“functions”thatthe
4、yemploy.Wealsoprovideareviewofbasiccircuittheorytorefreshthereader'smemory.1.1ElectronicsversusMicroelectronicsThegeneralareaofelectronicsbeganaboutacenturyagoandprovedinstrumentalintheradioandradarcommunicationsusedduringthetwoworldwars.Earlysystemsincorporated
5、“vacuumtubes,”amplifyingdevicesthatoperatedwiththeflowofelectronsbetweenplatesinavacuumchamber.However,thefinitelifetimeandthelargesizeofvacuumtubesmotivatedresearcherstoseekanelectronicdevicewithbetterproperties.Thefirsttransistorwasinventedinthe1940sandrapidlydis
6、placedvacuumtubes.Itexhibitedaverylong(inprinciple,infinite)lifetimeandoccupiedamuchsmallervolume(e.g.,lessthan13cminpackagedform)thanvacuumtubesdid.Butitwasnotuntil1960sthatthefieldofmicroelectronics,i.e.,thescienceofintegratingmanytransistorsononechip,began.Earl
7、y“integratedcircuits”(ICs)containedonlyahandfulofdevices,butadvancesinthetechnologysoonmadeitpossibletodramaticallyincreasethecomplexityof“microchips.”Example1.1Today'smicroprocessorscontainabout100milliontransistorsinachipareaofapproximately3cm3cm.(Thechipisaf
8、ewhundredmicronsthick.)Supposeintegratedcircuitswerenotinventedandweattemptedtobuildaprocessorusing100million“discrete”transistors.Ifeachdeviceoccupiesavolumeof3mm3m
