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1、ThomasMalthus(1766-1834)ThomasMalthuswaseducatedathome,until1784hegotadmissionfromUniversityofCambridgeJesusCollege.In1791hereceivedamaster'sdegree,andinthetwoyearsafterhewaselectedtotheJesusacademy.In1797hewasordainedasanAnglicanpriestinthevillage.In1805hebecamethefirstprofessorofpoli
2、ticaleconomyattheEastIndiaCompanycollege.ThePrincipleofPopulationMalthus'sthoughtwastoalargeextentonhisfatherandfriends(suchasRousseau)optimisticthoughtreactionary.SomeofhisarticlesistheresponsetoCondorcet.On“ThePrincipleofPopulation”,Malthusmadeafamousprophecy:populationgrowthbeyondth
3、efoodsupplypercapita,leadstoreducedfood.Demographictheoryis:ifthereisnolimit,populationisanexponentialrate(i.e.:2,4,8,16,32,64128)growth,andfoodsupplyislinearrate(i.e.:1,2,3,4,5,6,7)growthMalthushasbecomewidelyknownforhistheoriesaboutpopulationanditsincreaseordecreaseinresponsetovariou
4、sfactors.ThesixeditionsohisAnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation,publishedfrom1798to1826,observedthatsoonerorlaterpopulationgetscheckedbyfamineanddisease.Malthusregardedidealsoffutureimprovementinthelotofhumanitywithskepticism,consideringthatthroughouthistoryasegmentofeveryhumanpopulations
5、eemedrelegatedtopoverty.Malthus'sbasicthesisisthetrendthatthepopulationgrowthoverthefoodsupplygrowth.AnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulationMalthusarguedthattwotypesofchecksholdpopulationwithinresourcelimits:positivechecks,whichraisethedeathrate(includehunger,diseaseandwar).preventivechecks,
6、whichlowerthebirthrate.(abortion,birthcontrol,prostitution,postponementofmarriageandcelibacy).“Ihavecalledthisprinciple,bywhicheachslightvariation,ifuseful,ispreserved,bythetermNaturalSelection.”CharlesDarwinwasbornonFebruary12,1809inShrewsbury,England.DarwinwastheBritishnaturalistwhob
7、ecamefamousforhistheoriesofevolutionandnaturalselection.Darwinbelievedallthelifeonearthevolved(developedgradually)overmillionsofyearsfromafewcommonancestors.CharlesDarwinDarwinsethistheoriesforthinhisbookcalled,OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection.AfterpublicationofOriginofS
