葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交胚挽救取样时期确定

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1、中国农业科学2005,38(3):629-633ScientiaAgriculturaSinica葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交胚挽救取样时期的确定徐海英，闫爱玲，张国军（北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所，北京100093）摘要：通过系统测定葡萄二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交胚珠的重量变化和解剖观察胚珠的发育情况，判断其败育发生时期和发生方式，并进一步通过胚珠培养试验确定取样时期。与无核品种不同，大多数有核品种与倍性不同的品种杂交后，胚珠的败育存在个体间差异。胚珠发生败育的时期与母本品种的成熟期相关，早熟品种从花后第5周开始出现败育胚珠

2、，中熟品种开始败育时期比早熟品种晚1周，晚熟品种花后9周才开始败育。胚挽救的取样时期可以根据母本品种成熟期确定，早熟品种为授粉后6～9周，中熟品种为授粉后7～10周，晚熟品种为授粉后9～12周。关键词：葡萄；二倍体与四倍体杂交；胚挽救；取样时期DeterminationoftheProperSamplingPeriodforEmbryoRescuefromCrossesBetweenDiploidandTetraploidGrapeCultivarsXuHai-ying,YanAi-ling,ZhangGuo-jun(Fore

3、stryandPomologyInstitute,BeijingAcademyofAgrio-forestrySciences,Beijing100093)Abstract:Thepropersamplingperiodisoneofthemostimportantfactorsofthegrapeinovulo-embryoculture.Throughtestingthechangesoftheovuleweightandobservingitsanatomicalstructure,theperiodandmodeofo

4、vule(embryo)abortionincrossesbetweendiploidandtetraploidgrapecultivarswerestudied,andtheovuleswereculturedtodeterminetheproperperiodofembryorescue.Unliketheseedlessgrapevarieties,theembryoabortiondidnotoccuratonesametimeformostseededvarietiescrossedwithdifferentploi

5、dy,theovuleabortionwasonlyindividualaction,butnotcolonyone.Sotheperiodofsamplinghadsomedegreeoffreedom.Theperiodofovule(embryo)abortionwascorrelatedwiththematureperiodofthefemaleparentvariety.Theabortiveembryoofearly-maturingvarietyoccurredatfiveweeksafterpollinatio

6、n,thenthemid-maturingvarietyandlate-maturingvariety(withlowabortionrate)wereatsixandnineweeksafterpollinationcomparatively.Thepropersamplingperiodwasbetween6-9weeksforearly-,7-10weeksformid-,and9-12weeksforlate-maturingvarietiesafterpollinationbasedontheripenningper

7、iodofthefemaleparentvariety.Keywords:Grapes;Crossbetweendiploidandtetraploid;Embryorescue;Samplingperiod[4]不同倍性品种间的杂交，是创造新种质类型的有较严重的交配障碍，主要表现在获得杂种困难。但效手段之一。葡萄的栽培品种中绝大多数是2n=38的试验证明这种杂交的果实内都含有1～2个胚珠，并通[4,5]二倍体，已知的多倍体绝大多数是2n=76的四倍体，过胚珠培养技术挽救败育胚获得了杂种苗。[1]如日本的巨峰群品种。Goldr

8、iga等报道从葡萄二倍葡萄胚挽救的研究，多用于无核品种或早熟品种[6～9]体和四倍体的杂交后代中可获得三倍体，Yamane做母本时以及亚属间杂交时杂种的挽救，但有关[2][3]等、赵胜健等通过二倍体和四倍体品种杂交育成了二倍体与四倍体品种间杂交的胚挽救工作，报道很少。三倍体葡