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1、Chapter4Deep-structureDeviation:itreferstosemanticdeviation,whichmaybedefinedas“Linguisticeffectsinvolvingsomethingoddinthecognitivemeaningofacertainlinguisticunit,e.g.,awordorphrase”(Leech,1969;131)”4.1ContradictionContradictionisatypeofsemanticdeviationwhichconveysself-confli
2、ctinginformation.Itcanbereadilydividedintotwotypeswhicharetermedinrhetoricoxymoronandparadox.4.1.1OxymoronOxymoronis“theyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionswhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality”(Leech,1969:132)Understanding：Itisafigure
3、ofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsappearinconjunction.Theconjunctionofwordswhich,atfirstview,seemtobecontradictoryorincongruous,butwhosesurprisingjuxtapositionexpressesatruthordramaticeffect,suchas,coolfire,deafeningsilence,wisefolly,etc....Example:DudleyFieldMalenecal
4、ledmyconvictiona,“victoriousdefeat.”4.1.2ParadoxAparadoxisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.Inbrief,oxymoronandparadoxaredevicesthatallowtheliterarywritertoexpressacertaintruthormessagethroughapparentfalsehood.Understanding：Itisaseeminglyabsurdorcontradictor
5、ystatement,evenifactuallywell-founded.Anditisatruestatementorgroupofstatementsthatleadstoacontradictionorasituationwhichdefiesintuition.Thetermisalsousedforanapparentcontradictionthatactuallyexpressesanon-dualtruth.Example:Hiscomplaintistoofunnynottobetakenseriously.4.2Transfer
6、enceTransferenceofmeaningistheprocesswherebyliteraryabsurdityleadsthemindtocomprehensiononafigurativeplane.Transferenceinliteraturereferstosuchtraditionalfiguresofspeechassynecdoche,metonymyandmetaphor.4.2.1SynecdocheSynecdocheisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthesubst
7、itutionofapartforthewhole.Understanding:afigureofspeechinwhichapartismadetorepresentthewholeorviceversa.Anditinvolvestheuseofanarroweroramoregeneraltermtodesignatesomething,eg"asail!"meaning"aship!"Example:Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead.4.2.2MetonymyMetonymyisanothertypeoftransfe
8、rencewhichinvolvessubstitution,andthereforehasoftenbee
