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1、TheModesofLanguageGoodmorning,everyone!Inourlastlecture,Iwastalkingaboutlanguageaspartofoursemioticsystem.AndtodayIamgoingtomoveontoanothertopic,thatis,themodesoflanguage.Asyoumayknow,messagesaretransmittedinhumanlanguagemostfrequentlythroughtwoprimarymodes:speechandwrit
2、ing.Well,youknow,thereisalsoathirdmode,whichisnotthatfrequentlyusedasspeechandwriting.（1）Thethirdmodeiscalledsigning,whichisusedbydeafpeople. Butintoday'slecture,wewilljustfocusonspeechandwriting,andthespecificfeaturesofthesetwomodes.（2）Inlinguistics,itiscommonlynotedtha
3、tspeechisprimaryandwritingsecondary. LinguisticstakethispositionbecausealllanguagesarespokenexceptthosedeadlanguagessuchasLatin,whichisonlyexistentinwrittenform.Allchildrenwillnaturallyacquirethespokenversionofalanguageiftheyareexposedtoit.Theyacquirethespokenformoftheir
4、mothertongueduringtheformativeperiodoflanguageacquisition. （3）However,tobecomeliterate,achildwillneedsomekindofformalschoolinginreadingandwriting. Inmanyrespects,wemightcallspeech"primary"andwriting"secondary".Itimpliesthatwritinghasasecond-classstatuswhencomparedwithspe
5、ech.（4）Infact,itismoreaccuratetoviewthetwomodesashavingdifferentbutcomplementaryroles. Forinstance,inmostlegalsystems,whileanoralcontractislegallybinding,awrittencontractispreferred.Thereasonissimple—unlikespeech,writingprovidesapermanentrecordofthecontract.（5）Thus,ifthe
6、termsofthecontractaredisputed,thewrittenrecordofthe contractcanbeconsultedandinterpreted.Disputesoveranoralcontractwillinvolveoneperson'srecollectionofthecontractversusanotherperson's. （6）Whilewritingmaybethepreferredmodeforacontract,inmanyothercontexts,speechwillbemorea
7、ppropriate. Becausethemostcommontypeofspeech—face-to-faceconversation—ishighlyinteractive.Thismodeiswell-suitedtomanysocialcontexts,suchascasualconversationsoverlunch,businesstransactionsinagrocerystore,discussionsbetweenstudentsandteachersinaclassroom.（7）Andintheseconte
8、xts,interactivedialogueshavemanyadvantagesoverwriting. Forinstance,individualsengagedinconversationcana
