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1、Neoliberalisminenvironmentalgovernance:aparadoxicaldoublemovement?RobertPlastow,UniversityofExeter,May2010NeoliberalismhasdevelopedintoanextremelystronganddynamicideologywithinWesterncapitalistsocietiesandasaresulthaspermeatednearlyallareasoflife.Ithashadanincreasinginfluenceonp
2、olicydevelopment,particularlyenvironmentalgovernance,heraldingarestructuringandrescalingofstateanduseofregulation.Previously,environmentalconservationhasbeenseenasakeyopponenttotheneoliberalagendaasthechangeinsocialrelationstonatureitbringshasoftenbeendestructivetotheearthanddem
3、andingofnaturalresources.However,marketbasedinstrumentsandotherneoliberalpolicytoolshavebeenofincreasingimportancetoenvironmentalgovernanceandconservation,reflectingthepowerandpervasivenessofitsrationalityandadoptionworldwide.Thisessaywillbeginbyattemptingtodefineneoliberalismbe
4、foreelucidatingsomeofitsqualitiesandmaintheoreticalconcepts,detailingitsperceivedadvantagesanddisadvantages,whilstoutliningitsriseinenvironmentalgovernance.Neoliberalismavoidsanyonespecificdefinitionduetoitslackofcoherenceandconsistencyasasinglehomogenous,integrated'thing',(Cast
5、ree,2009;Perrault,2005).Instead,ithasbeensuggestedthatitisbestunderstoodasaspatio-temporalvariableprocessofneoliberalisation,(Castree,2008;HeynenandRobbins,2005;PeckandTickell,2002),whichhasbeenexpressedoverthelastthirtyyearsthroughvariousformsoflocal,national,andinternationalex
6、perimentsinlaissez-fairepoliticaleconomyaroundtheworld,(Castree,2009:1788).Duringthe1980sintheUSandUK,neoliberalismtookholdunderPresidentReaganandPrimeMinisterThatcher,influencedbyeconomistssuchasFriedman,HayekandEpstein,andstoodasacountertowhatitviewedasthefailuresoftheKeynesia
7、n,state-coordinatedmodel,(McCarthyandPrudham,2004).PeckandTickell,(2002),termedthisperiodinthe1980sas'rollbackneoliberalism',determinablebypatternsofderegulationanddismantlement;the1990ssawanemergentphaseof“activestate-buildingandregulatoryreform”,whichtheycalled'roll-outneolibe
8、ralism',(2002:383).Thiscanbeseeninthenewinstitu