JOSEPH RAZ AND THE INSTRUMENTAL JUSTIFICATION OF A DUTY TO OBEY THE LAW

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1、PATRICKDURNINGJOSEPHRAZANDTHEINSTRUMENTALJUSTIFICATIONOFADUTYTOOBEYTHELAW
(Accepted18July2003)Inrecentyears,thedutytoobeythelawhascomeunderattack.Whilesomecriticizeonlytheclaimthateachcitizenhasadutytoobeyeverylaw,othersinsistthatnoonehasadutytoobeyanylaw,unlesshedoessomethingtobindhimselftoobey

2、it(andtheyarguethatfewpeoplehavedoneso).1Forinstance,RobertPaulWolffdeclaresthatalawsbeingpassedbyaparticularkindofgovern-mentisneverareasonwhichdeservestobegivenanyweightatallinourdeliberations.2Similarly,JohnSimmonsassertsthat,forsomeonewhohasnotboundhimselftoobeythelaw,anactslegalityhasnobear

3、ingonhismoralobligationsandheurgesusnottoregardthelawsrequiringsomethingasareasontodoit.Simmonsstates,thesimplefactthatconductisrequiredorforbiddenbylawisirrel-
IthankDavidEstlund,JamesDreier,DanBrockandthreeanonymousreviewersfortheircomments,suggestionsandcriticismsonearlierdraftsofthispaper.1R

4、obertPaulWolff,InDefenseofAnarchism(NewYork:Harper&Row,1976);A.JohnSimmons,MoralPrinciplesandPoliticalObligations(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1979),OntheEdgeofAnarchy(Princeton,PrincetonUniversityPress,1993),andJustificationandLegitimacy,Ethics109(4)(July1999),pp.739771;JoelFeinberg,CivilD

5、isobedienceintheModernWorld,inFreedomandFulfillment:PhilosophicalEssays(Princeton:PrincetonUniver-sityPress,1992);DonaldRegan,LawsHalo,SocialPhilosophyandPolicy(Autumn1986);M.B.E.Smith,IsThereaPrimaFacieObligationtoObeytheLaw?,YaleLawJournal82(1973);LeslieGreen,TheAuthorityoftheState(NewYork:Oxfo

6、rdUniversityPress,1988);DavidLyons,Need,NecessityandPoliticalObligation,VirginiaLawReview(February1981);andA.D.Woozley,LawandDisobedience(London:Duckworth,1979).2ReplytoProfessorsPritchardandSmith,JournalofValueInquiry(Winter1973),pp.303306,p.304.LawandPhilosophy22:597620,2003.©2003KluwerAcademi

7、cPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands.598PATRICKDURNINGevanttothatconductsmoralstatus,evenwithindecentstates;weshoulddecidehowbesttoactonindependentgrounds.3Againstthisposition,JosephRazarguesthatanindividualcouldhaveadutytoob