Foundations of Object Oriented Languages

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1、®Team-FlyFoundationsofObject-OrientedLanguagesThispageintentionallyleftblankFoundationsofObject-OrientedLanguagesTypesandSemanticsKimB.BruceTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England©2002MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthi

2、sbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationInformationBruce,KimB.Foundationsofobject-or

3、ientedlanguages:typesandsemantics/KimB.Bruce.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-262-02523-X(hc.:alk.paper)1.Object-orientedprogramming(computerscience).2.Programminglan-guages(Electroniccomputers).I.Title.QA76.64.B7762002005.1’17–dc212001

4、054613TomymotherandthememoryofmylatefatherThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsListofFiguresxiPrefacexvITypeProblemsinObject-OrientedLanguages11Introduction31.1Typesystemsinprogramminglanguages41.2Typecheckingandstronglytypedlanguages61.3Focusonstatically

5、typedclass-basedlanguages121.4Foundations:Alookahead132FundamentalConceptsofObject-OrientedLanguages172.1Objects,classes,andobjecttypes172.2Subclassesandinheritance222.3Subtypes242.4Covariantandcontravariantchangesintypes262.5Overloadingversusoverridingmet

6、hods272.6Summary323TypeProblemsinObject-OrientedLanguages333.1Typecheckingobject-orientedlanguagesisdifficult333.2Simpletypesystemsarelackinginflexibility353.3Summaryoftypingproblems484AddingExpressivenesstoObject-OrientedLanguages49viiiContents4.1GJ494.2Eve

7、nmoreflexibletypingwithEiffel604.3Summary695UnderstandingSubtypes715.1Subtypingfornon-objecttypes725.2Objecttypes835.3Subtypingforclasstypes845.4Summary866TypeRestrictionsonSubclasses896.1Allowablechangestomethodtypes896.2Instancevariabletypesinvariantinsub

8、classes916.3Changingvisibility926.4Summary937VarietiesofObject-OrientedProgrammingLanguages957.1Multi-methodsvs.object-basedvs.class-basedlanguages957.2Well-knownobject-orientedlanguages1037.3Summary111Histor