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1、EffectsoftelevisionviewingonchilddevelopmentARTICLEfromtheEncyclopædiaBritannicaEffectsoftelevisionviewingonchilddevelopment,highlycontestedtopicwithinchilddevelopmentandpsychologyinvolvingtheconsequencesforchildrenfromthecontentofandthedurationoftheirexpo
2、suretotelevision(TV)programming.Theeffectsoftelevisionviewingonchilddevelopmenthavearousedarangeofreactionsfromresearchers,parents,andpoliticiansthathasfueledadebatethatextendsbacktothemedium’sinceptioninthe1940s.Itisdifficulttoarguethatyouthsarenotaffecte
3、dbywhatisbroadcastontelevision.However,itisequallydifficulttopinpointparticularshowsorgenresofprogrammingascausingspecificbehavioursinchildrenwithoutconsideringtheinnumerableamountofalternateinfluencesthatmayhaveaneffectontheiractions.Somehavearguedthattel
4、evisionclearlyhasnegativeeffectsonyouths—suchasviolentprogrammingresultinginchildrenwhoaremorefearful,moreaggressive,ormoreinsensitivetothesufferingofothers—whereasothersbelievethatsucheffectsare,atbest,ambiguous.Althoughitisuncertainwhichperspectiveisrigh
5、torwrong,itisquitecertainthatthedebatecontinuestogalvanizesocialscientists,parents,andpoliticiansintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.EarlyfindingsAscommercialtelevisionbegantoflourishintheUnitedStatesinthe1940s,television’seffectsonthefirstgenerationofindividual
6、sraisedalongsidethenewmediumbecameatopicofinterest.In1949theColumbiaBroadcastingSystem(CBS)sponsoredastudyconductedbyRutgersUniversitythatfoundthattelevisionincreasedfamilyunityandcohesion,didnotpromoteviewerpassivity,anddidnotreplaceothervalueddiversions,
7、suchasoutdooractivitiesandsocialinteractions.Thatlandmarkreportwasoneofthefirstandmostwidelydisseminatedofitskind,andseveralmorewouldfollowintheforthcomingdecade.Soon,however,questionswereraisedaboutwhethertelevisionviewingdecreaseddialoguebetweenchildrena
8、ndparentsandwhetherchildrencouldbeexpectedtomaintainacademicprogressastheiraveragetotalviewingtimeincreasedtomorethan20hoursaweek.Eventually,broadcasterscapitalizeduponthoseyouthfulwatchersbydevelopingtargete
