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1、Whey-proteinbasedenvironmentallyfriendlywoodadhesivesZhenhuaGaoUniversityofVermont,Burlington,Vermont,USAandNortheastForestryUniversity,Harbin,ChinaGuopingYuUniversityofVermont,Burlington,Vermont,USAandNortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin,ChinaYihongBaoUniversityofV
2、ermont,Burlington,Vermont,USAandNortheastForestryUniversity,Harbin,China,andMingruoGuoUniversityofVermont,Burlington,Vermont,USAAbstractPurposeThepurposeofthispaperistodevelopanenvironmentallysafeaqueouspolymer-isocyanate(API)woodadhesiveforstructuraluseswithwheyprote
3、inisolate(WPI)thatisaby-productofcheesemaking.Design/methodology/approachTheAPIformulationswithwheyproteinsdenaturedatdifferentheatingtemperaturesandtimes,WPI/polyvinylalcohol(PVA)denaturingprocesses,PVAcontentsandnano-CaCO3(asfiller)contentswereinvestigatedandoptimise
4、daccordingtotheJISK6806-2003standard.FindingsAwhey-proteinbasedAPIadhesivewasdevelopedwhichhad28hboiling-dry-boilingwetcompressionshearstrength6.81MPaanddrycompressionshearstrength13.38MPabeyondtherequiredvalues(5.88and9.81MPa,respectively)forstructuraluseofcommercial
5、standards.Thestudyalsoindicatedthatthethermaldenaturationof40percentWPIsolutionat60-638Ccouldunfoldtheglobularstructureofwheyproteintosomeextentandthereforeimprovethebondstrengthandbonddurabilityofwhey-proteinbasedAPIadhesive;theadditionsofPVAandnano-CaCO3asfillerhadas
6、ignificanteffectonthebondstrengthandbonddurabilityofwhey-proteinbasedAPIadhesive.Researchlimitations/implicationsThethermallydenaturedWPIsolutions(40wt%)inclinetowardsbeingdecayedbymouldsifnotproperlyformulated.PracticalimplicationsOwingtothegoodbondstrengthanddurabili
7、tyandenvironmentalsafety,theoptimisedwhey-proteinbasedAPIadhesiveshavegreaterpotentialforcommercialapplications,especiallyforthestructuralwoodbonds.Originality/valueAnovelAPIwoodadhesiveforstructuralusewasdevelopedusingwheyproteinsthatareoftenregardedasawasteduetothei
8、rrelativelysmallmoleculesandcompactglobularstructures.KeywordsAdhesives,Woodtechnology,Durability,BondingPapertypeResearchpa
