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1、Chem.Rev.2010,110,6689–67356689MolecularSemiconductorsinOrganicPhotovoltaicCellsAlexanderW.Hains,ZiqiLiang,MichaelA.Woodhouse,andBrianA.Gregg*NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,1617ColeBoulevard,Golden,Colorado80401ReceivedSeptember4,2009Contents8.OPVDeviceStability67269.Conclus
2、ionsandOutlook67281.Introduction668910.Abbreviations67292.PhysicalCharacteristicsofOSCs669111.Acknowledgments67292.1.LowDielectricConstant669112.References67292.2.ExcitonGeneration66912.3.ElectronicCouplingandLatticeForces66921.Introduction2.4.CrystallineFilmsforOPV6693Webeginw
3、ithageneraldescriptionofthechemical,2.5.InterfacialEnergiesandSurfaceAdhesion6694physical,andelectricalpropertiesoforganicsemiconductors,3.PhotoconversionProcessesinXSCs6695OSCs,aclassofmaterialsthatincludesmolecularsemicon-3.1.BandDiagramsandInterfacialRecombination6695ductors
4、,MSCs,thefocusoftherestofthisReview,aswell3.2.ForcesandFluxes6695asπ-conjugatedpolymers.Thetermexcitonicsemiconductor,3.3.Photovoltage6696XSC,isamechanisticdescriptionthatreferstomaterialsin3.4.CarrierMobilitiesandTransport6696whichelectrostaticallyboundexcitonsareformeduponlig
5、ht3.5.ExcitonDiffusionLength,Lex,and6697absorption;thisseemstoincludeallOSCsatroomtemper-NanostructuredInterfacesatureandmostinorganicsemiconductorsatlowtemperature.4.DefectsandDoping6697Excitonsformedinquantumdotsaredistinct,however,4.1.LatticeForcesandDefectDensity6697because
6、theyarespatially,ratherthanelectrostatically,4.2.DopingbyDesign6698confined.Wereviewthemechanismsofphotoconversion,4.3.FreeCarrierDensityinUndopedOSCs6699thetestingandanalysisoforganicphotovoltaic,OPV,cells,4.4.DefectEnergyLevels6700andconcludewithanextensivereviewoftherecentlit
7、eratureofsmallmoleculeOPV.Thenumberofpaperspublishedin4.5.DefectDoping6701thefieldsofMSCsandOPVhasbeengrowingexponentially5.DeviceCharacterization6701inthepastdecade,andwecouldcoveronlyafractionof5.1.EfficiencyMeasurements6701themhere.Somecommonabbreviationsemployedinthis5.2.Equi
8、valentCircuitModel6703Reviewareincludedinsection10.6.C
