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1、ShotcreteShotcreteandandWaterproofingWaterproofingforforOperationalOperationalTunnelsTunnelsTarcTarcíísioB.CelestinosioB.CelestinoAnimateurAnimateurInternationalInternationalTunnellingTunnellingAssociationAssociationWorkingWorkingGroupGroupononShotcreteU
2、seShotcreteUseBasilicaBasilicaCisternCisternIstanbulIstanbul,6th,6thCenturyCenturyBasilicaBasilicaCisternCisternIstanbulIstanbul,6th,6thCenturyCenturyITAITAActivitiesActivitiesononWaterproofingWaterproofing°°WG6WG6––MaintenanceMaintenanceandandRepairRepa
3、ir°°WgWg1212––ShotcreteUseShotcreteUseWaterproofingWaterproofingRequirementsRequirements°°MoresophisticatedequipmentundergroundMoresophisticatedequipmentunderground°°MoredemandingpublicMoredemandingpublic°°PsychologicalaspectsofleakagesPsychologicalaspec
4、tsofleakages°°ImprovementofwaterproofingtechniquesImprovementofwaterproofingtechniquesOntheotherhandOntheotherhand°°IncreasingcostsIncreasingcosts°°Nogeneralsolution:functionality,durability,Nogeneralsolution:functionality,durability,environmentenvironme
5、ntDifferentCriteriaforinfiltrationDifferentCriteriaforinfiltrationl/ml/m2.day.dayAlpTransit:39g/km.secAlpTransit:39g/km.sec0.130.13Sweden:2Sweden:2l/min.100ml/min.100m1.11.1Norway(highway)300Norway(highway)300l/min.kml/min.km1414SãoSãoPauloSubwayPauloSub
6、way1.01.0UndergroundRailwaySystemsUndergroundRailwaySystemsl/ml/m22.day(.day(HaackHaack,1991),1991)shortshortlonglongWashington,D.C.Washington,D.C.10.710.70.90.9SanFranciscoSanFrancisco0.90.9AtlantaAtlanta0.90.9BostonBoston1.81.8BaltimoreBaltimore5.35.30
7、.70.7BuffaloBuffalo0.40.40.20.2MelbourneMelbourne0.250.250.10.1AntwerpAntwerp0.250.250.10.1NorwegianNorwegianSubseaSubseaBoredTunnelsBoredTunnelsStopCriteriaforCementGroutingStopCriteriaforCementGrouting(Gustafson&(Gustafson&StilleStille,2005),2005)Norwe
8、gianOperationalExperienceNorwegianOperationalExperience(ITAOpenSession,2005)(ITAOpenSession,2005)°°Wateringressreducedbyupto50%(selfWateringressreducedbyupto50%(self--healing)healing)°°AlgaegrowthinsometunnelsAlgaegrowthin
