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1、JOHNLOCKE,NATURALLAWANDCOLONIALISMBarbaraArneilInJohnLocke’sTwoTreatisesofGovernment,thestateofnature,andmoreparticularlynaturalman,arecreatedwithinthetraditionofnaturallaw.Severalcommentators,suchasJamesTullyandKarlOlivecrona,haverecognizedthislegacyinLocke’spoli
2、ticalthought.1WhileprovidingananalysisofLocke’sthoughtinrelationtonaturallaw,suchstudies,however,havenotfullyexaminedtheglobalcontextwithinwhichboththeTwoTreatisesandseventeenth-centurynaturallawdeveloped.Consequentlytheextenttowhichnaturallawtheorists,suchasHugoG
3、rotiusandSamuelPufendorf,wereinfluencedbythecolonialinterestsoftheirparticularcountriesoforiginhasbeenlargelyoverlooked.Thedevelopmentofnaturallawtheory,whichcanbetracedbacktothetimeofCiceroandbeyond,istransformedduringthesixteenhundredsbytheneedtoanswernewquestio
4、nsposed,bothonseaandland,bytheexpandingcolonialempiresofEurope.Thus,inconsideringthenaturallawtheoristswhoinfluencedLocke,itwillbenecessarytoexaminehowcolonial-isminfluencedboththequestionswhichwereposedandtheanswersthatweregiven.Attheturnoftheseventeenthcentury,E
5、uropeanpowerswereexploringthefarreachesoftheglobe.EachcountrydifferedinitsapproachtotheworldoutsideEurope.DutchandEnglishinterestswererepresentedmainlybyprivatecompaniesorgroupsofaristocratstowhomaproprietarypatentwouldbeissued,asmanifestbytheactivitiesoftheEastIn
6、diescompanyortheearlysettlementofAmerica.Othercountries,suchasSpainorPortugal,colonizedAmericathroughtheauspicesofchurchorstate;yetothers,suchasSweden,engagedinrelativelylittlecolonialexpansionoutsideEurope.Havingestab-lishedatradingrelationshiporinitialsettlement
7、intheAmericasorEastIndies,Europeanmonarchsorprivatecompanieswouldoftendefendjealouslytheirnewfoundwealth.Conflictsinevitablyensued.OneparticularexampleofrelevancetoourdiscussionwastheconflictwhicharosebetweentheSpanish,PortugueseandtheDutchEastIndiescompanyovertra
8、deintheEasternIndies.TheSpanishhadamonopolyovertradeinthearea1BeginningwithWolfgangVonLeyden’s,‘JohnLockeandNaturalLaw’,Philosophy,XXXI(1956),therehasbe