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时间:2019-05-24
《实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、实验二十七浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测附录Ⅰ常见水生浮游动物检索1.原生动物原生动物亚界包括7个门,在淡水中营自由生活的种类主要属于肉鞭门和纤毛门。原生动物亚界门和纲检索表1.营养期以伪足或鞭毛为行动工具···································肉鞭门Sarcomastigophora2营养期间以纤毛为行动工具·······················································纤毛门Ciliophora52.营养期以鞭毛为行动工具·············
2、·······································鞭毛亚门Mastiophora3营养期间以伪足为行动工具····················································肉足亚门Sarcodina43.有绿的色素体,但也有无色的········································植鞭纲Phytomastigophorea决不会有绿的色素体···············································
3、············动鞭纲Zoomastigophorea4.伪足叶状、指状或丝状,无轴丝················································根足总纲Rhizopoda伪足呈辐射状,有轴丝······························································辐足总纲Actinopoda5.胞口位于顶端、亚顶端或中腹部,无口旁纤毛················动基片纲Kinetofragminophorea胞口常位于腹面或靠
4、近前端,口部纤毛系统有口旁纤毛膜···································66.口部纤毛系统由右边的口侧膜和左边少量的复合小器(小膜、咽膜、多毛基索)组成··················································································寡膜纲Oligohymenophorea口部纤毛系统由许多在口腔或围口小区中的小膜组成的口围带(AZM)········································
5、································································多膜纲Polyhymenophorea2.轮虫轮虫动物属轮虫动物门(Rotifera),约2000多种。体长一般在10~500μ,最小仅4μ,最大4mm。轮虫(图27-2)体型多样,以长圆形居多。身体多分为头、躯干和尾三部分。头部较宽,其上长有由1~2圈纤毛组成的头冠,能帮助虫体在水中游泳和集食。轮虫虫体透明度高,在消化系统的咽内能清楚地看到一套左右不断开闭的、由角质膜硬化形成的7块咀嚼板组成的复杂
6、结构,称之为咀嚼器,其主要作用是将摄入食物颗粒捣碎。这种咀嚼器为本门动物所特有,其结构在种内稳定,种间差异十分显著。躯干部末端背侧是肛门(泄殖孔),肛门之后就是尾部(又称作足),其功能是起舵的作用。尾的末端常长有1~4个活动趾,用以更好地爬行或抓持。1图27-2轮虫身体构造模式图(a)雌体;(b)雄体1.棒状突起;2.纤毛环;3.背触毛;4.眼点;5.原肾管;6.咀嚼器;7.砧板;8.卵巢;9.背甲;10.膀胱;11.泄殖腔;12.尾部;13.趾;14.吸着腺;15.排泄孔;16.肠;17.侧触手;18.卵黄腺;19.胃;2
7、0.消化腺;21.肌肉;22.脑;23.精巢;24.阴茎头冠(图27-3)和咀嚼器的形态、尾部有无和长短、趾的多少等,是区分轮虫动物门不同亚目、科、属的重要鉴别特征。图27-3轮虫头冠的类型(a)旋轮虫头冠;(b)须足轮虫头冠;(c)、(d)猪吻轮虫头冠的腹面与侧面观;(e)晶囊轮虫头冠;(f)巨腕轮虫头冠;(g)聚花轮虫头冠;(h)胶鞘轮虫头冠。在轮虫动物门的4个亚目中,蛭态亚目的大多数种类分布于陆地和酸沼的苔藓植物上,但也有不少种类经常出现于一般的淡水水体中。单巢目中游泳亚目包括的科、属、种最多,其中最主要的是臂尾科、椎
8、轮科和鼠轮科,腔轮科也有不少种类是淡水水体或生活污水中经常见到的,特别喜栖于草丛或腐殖质较多的水体环境中。簇轮亚目营固着、浮游或底栖爬行生活。胶鞘亚目多数种类营固着生活。轮虫动物门重要科属(水生)检索表1.卵巢左右各一、成对;咀嚼器枝型;无侧触手;纵长的身体蠕形,“假体腔”能象2套筒式的伸
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