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1、第十二章绿色化学原理与方法12.1绿色化学基本概念与原则12.1.1绿色化学的基本概念①绿色化学的产生背景环境、资源问题是影响当今人类社会、经济发展的首要问题。环境问题：人类社会面临的主要环境问题包括：全球气候变暖；臭氧层破坏；光化学污染与大气污染；水污染；酸雨；土地荒漠化；森林破坏；生物多样性锐减。资源问题：煤炭、石油等能源的不可再生性；土地矿产资源的非理性使用；生物资源日益递减。健康问题：医药与保健◆GlobalWarming（全球气候变暖）TheincreaseofGreenHousegasconcen
2、trationisthemaincause..主因：温室气体浓度增加MainGreenHouseGases:CO2,NOx,CH4,Halogenides.HumanActivitiesaretheoriginofthesegases.（温室气体来源于人类活动）:Industry（工业制造）Transportation（交通运输）Cooking（烹调）Lighting（照明）Warming（取暖）…Theyadsorbheatfromthesun,andkeepthem,resultingintheincre
3、aseofearthtemperature.Inthemid-21,theaveragetemperatureonthesurfaceoftheearthwillhaveanincrementofabout1.4～1.5℃.吸热温度升高GlobalWarmingConsequences：TheiceontheSouthPoleandNorthPolewillmeltwithacceleratedspeed,thesealevelwillhaveacontinousrise.两极冰川加速融化，海平面上升。Ino
4、urcountry，theriseofsealevel,0.14-0.20cm/year.◆Depletionofozonelayer（臭氧层破坏）OzoneLayerreferstotheensembleofozonecollectedintheatmosphere15-50kmabovethesurface.Ozonewhichadsorbsvioletrays(295-320nm)isnaturallyprotectiveforourearthfromthesunandmakesourlifepossi
5、ble.臭氧吸收紫外线，保护人类生存环境HalogenidesandNOxcoulddestroytheozonelayer.化学排放物破坏臭氧层Consequences不良后果:Reductionofimmunity;Incrementofcancerandcataractpatient;Decreaseinproductionandqualityonplant.◆AirPollutionCarbonmonoxideCarbondioxideSulfuroxidesHydrocarbonsNitrogeno
6、xidesDustofsoil,pollen,coalash,etcpollutedirectlytheair（粉尘、煤灰、花粉等）.Theharmfulcontentsofthedusts:Pb,Hg,Cd,Niandotherheavymetals.酸雨、环境健康…植物枯死古迹浸蚀◆WaterPollution（水污染）Waterisessentialforus!WaterispollutedbyIndustrialwastewaterDailylifewastewaterMinewastewaterTr
7、ansportationwastewaterFarmlandwastewaterAcidrain……工业废水、生活废水、选矿废水、运输废水、农产加工废水、酸雨◆Shortageofenergyresources（能源短缺）Oil：exploitableforabout40yearsNaturalgas：about60yearsCoal：about220years占世界5%人口的美国，占世界年石油消耗量的26%！工业化与现代文明可持续发展Whatourdescendantswilluse?Within20cen
8、tury,thepopulationaugmentedfor3times,whiletheenergyconsumptionaugmentedfor10times.(20世纪,人口增加了3倍,但能源消耗增长了10倍)EnergyresourcesISnon-renewable.◆Theideasofsustainabledevelopment◆Theprotectionofenvironmentis
