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1、Lyingcauseshumansemotionalstress–yetpsychologistssayweareprimedtodeceive.Studiesshowthereareclearbiologicalbenefitstodishonesty,writesAlice-AzaniaJarvisHowdoyouknowifsomeoneislyingtoyou?What,exactly,areyousupposedtolookfor?Asuddenlydistendednose,possibly–ifyournameisGeppettoandyourson
2、awoodenpuppetwithatasteforhyperbole.Shiftyeyes,morecommonly.Awaveringgaze.Aninabilitytomeetthestareoftheinquisitorwhenaskedto"lookatmestraightandtellmeyoumeanit".Or,perhaps,asuddendivergencefromthegraphicnormwhenthespeaker'svitalsarebeingtrackedbypolygraph.Whicheveroptionyougofor,what
3、everresultithappenstoyield,itwouldn't,ultimately,matter.Theoddsarethatitwaswrong.Infact,statisticallyspeaking,itwasevenmorelikelytobewrongthanifyouhadsimplyguessedatrandom,orhadflippedacoin.Evenusingthemostadvancedinlie-detectingtechnology,identifyingspecificfalsehoodscanbeastretch.Th
4、epastdecadehasseenanumberoftruth-tellinginnovations.Electroencephalogramsmonitortheelectricactivityofthebrain.Thermalimagingrecordsone'seyetemperature(people'seyes,ithasbeensuggested,heatupwhentheylie).MRIscansmeasurebloodflowtothebrain.Butsciencehasyettoofferamethodofspecificallyisol
5、atingdeceptive(asopposedto,say,nervous,cagey,orintenselyfocused)brainactivity.Humans,whenitcomestoseparatingfactfromfiction,arefairlyhopeless."Thisiswhatmakesitsoeasyforpeopletobesuccessfulintheirlies,"saysRobertFeldman,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofMassachusetts."Somepeoplear
6、egoodliarsandsomearebad,buttheyallusedifferentsignals.Unlessyouhaveknownthemforalongtime,it'sverydifficulttotelliftheyarelying."Feldmanhasspentsome25yearsstudyingthescienceofdeception.AfellowofboththeAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandtheAssociationforPsychologicalScience,hehasauthore
7、dLiar:TheTruthAboutLying.Init,hearguesthatweallliealotofthetime.Heintroducesanumberofpsychologicalprinciplestoexplainthis,themostimportantofwhichis'Liar'sAdvantage',atacticalleg-upmadepossiblepartlybythedifficultyofliedetectionandpartlybyourowninherentgullibility."Wedon'texpecttobelie
8、dto,"
