Krugman_PPT_ch042010part3-2～～

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1、DoesTradeIncreaseIncomeInequality?(cont.)•TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelpredictsthatownersofabundantfactorswillgainfromtradeandownersofscarcefactorswilllosefromtrade.•Butlittleevidencesupportingthispredictionexists.1.Accordingtothemodel,achangeinthedistributionofi

2、ncomeoccursthroughchangesinoutputprices,butthereisnoevidenceofachangeinthepricesofskill-intensivegoodsrelativetopricesofunskilled-intensivegoods.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-1DoesTradeIncreaseIncomeInequality?(cont.)2.Accordingtot

3、hemodel,wagesofunskilledworkersshouldincreaseinunskilledlaborabundantcountriesrelativetowagesofskilledlabor,butinsomecasesthereversehasoccurred:WagesofskilledlaborhaveincreasedmorerapidlyinMexicothanwagesofunskilledlabor.•ButcomparedtotheU.S.andCanada,Mexi

4、coissupposedtobeabundantinunskilledworkers.3.Evenifthemodelwereexactlycorrect,tradeisasmallfractionoftheU.S.economy,soitseffectsonU.S.pricesandwagespricesshouldbesmall.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4-2TradeandIncomeDistribution•Chang

5、esinincomedistributionoccurwitheveryeconomicchange,notonlyinternationaltrade.Changesintechnology,changesinconsumerpreferences,exhaustionofresourcesanddiscoveryofnewonesallaffectincomedistribution.Economistsputmostoftheblameontechnologicalchangeandtheresul

6、tingpremiumpaidoneducationasthemajorcauseofincreasingincomeinequalityintheUS.•Itwouldbebettertocompensatethelosersfromtrade(oranyeconomicchange)thanprohibittrade.Theeconomyasawholedoesbenefitfromtrade.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allrightsreserved.4

7、-3TradeandIncomeDistribution(cont.)•Thereisapoliticalbiasintradepolitics:potentiallosersfromtradearebetterpoliticallyorganizedthanthewinnersfromtrade.Lossesareusuallyconcentratedamongafew,butgainsareusuallydispersedamongmany.Eachofyoupaysabout$8/yeartores

8、trictimportsofsugar,andthetotalcostofthispolicyisabout$2billion/year.Thebenefitsofthisprogramtotalabout$1billion,butthisamountgoestorelativelyfewsugarproducers.Copyright©2009PearsonAddison-Wesley.Allr