托福TPO17真题全阅读文本附答案译文

托福TPO17真题全阅读文本附答案译文

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时间:2019-05-16

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1、托托网托福模拟考试软件2.0配套资料托福TPO17真题全阅读文本附答案译文下载地址http://www.tuotuowang.comEurope'sEarlySeaTradewithAsia(TPO17-1)Inthefourteenthcentury,anumberofpoliticaldevelopmentscutEurope'soverlandtraderoutestosouthernandeasternAsia,withwhichEuropehadhadimportantandhighlyprofitablecommercialtiessincethetwelfthcentur

2、y.Thisdevelopment,comingasitdidwhenthebottomhadfallenoutoftheEuropeaneconomy,providedanimpetustoalong-helddesiretosecuredirectrelationswiththeEastbyestablishingaseatrade.Widelyreported,ifsomewhatdistrusted,accountsbyfigureslikethefamoustravelerfromVenice.MarcoPolo,ofthewillingnessofpeopleinChina

3、totradewithEuropeansandoftheimmensityofthewealthtobegainedbysuchcontactmadetheideairresistiblePossibilitiesfortradeseemedpromising,butnohopeexistedformaintainingthetraditionalroutesoverlandAnewwayhadtobefound.Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?Europe'smaritimetradi

4、tionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas—theMediterranean,theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent—notofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.Thesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommerci

5、alexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-WesttradecouldcreateSpiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Butevenhigh-pricedcommoditieslikespiceshadtobetransportedinl

6、argebulkinordertojustifytheexpenseandtroubleofsailingaroundtheAfricancontinentallthewaytoIndiaandChina.TheprincipalseagoingshipusedthroughouttheMiddleAgeswasthegalley,along,lowshipfittedwithsailsbutdrivenprimarilybyoars.Thelargestgalleyshadasmanyas50oarsmenSincetheyhadrelativelyshallowhulls,they

7、wereunstablewhendrivenbysailorwhenonroughwater:hencetheywereunsuitableforthevoyagetotheEast.EveniftheyhuggedtheAfricancoastline,theyhadlittlechanceofsurvivingacrossingoftheIndianOceanShortlyafter1400.Shipbuildersbegandevelop

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