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ID:36860654
大小:810.29 KB
页数:23页
时间:2019-05-16
《托福TPO17真题全阅读文本附答案译文》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、托托网托福模拟考试软件2.0配套资料托福TPO17真题全阅读文本附答案译文下载地址http://www.tuotuowang.comEurope'sEarlySeaTradewithAsia(TPO17-1)Inthefourteenthcentury,anumberofpoliticaldevelopmentscutEurope'soverlandtraderoutestosouthernandeasternAsia,withwhichEuropehadhadimportantandhighlyprofitablecommercialtiessincethetwelfthcentur
2、y.Thisdevelopment,comingasitdidwhenthebottomhadfallenoutoftheEuropeaneconomy,providedanimpetustoalong-helddesiretosecuredirectrelationswiththeEastbyestablishingaseatrade.Widelyreported,ifsomewhatdistrusted,accountsbyfigureslikethefamoustravelerfromVenice.MarcoPolo,ofthewillingnessofpeopleinChina
3、totradewithEuropeansandoftheimmensityofthewealthtobegainedbysuchcontactmadetheideairresistiblePossibilitiesfortradeseemedpromising,butnohopeexistedformaintainingthetraditionalroutesoverlandAnewwayhadtobefound.Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?Europe'smaritimetradi
4、tionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas—theMediterranean,theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent—notofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.Thesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommerci
5、alexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-WesttradecouldcreateSpiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Butevenhigh-pricedcommoditieslikespiceshadtobetransportedinl
6、argebulkinordertojustifytheexpenseandtroubleofsailingaroundtheAfricancontinentallthewaytoIndiaandChina.TheprincipalseagoingshipusedthroughouttheMiddleAgeswasthegalley,along,lowshipfittedwithsailsbutdrivenprimarilybyoars.Thelargestgalleyshadasmanyas50oarsmenSincetheyhadrelativelyshallowhulls,they
7、wereunstablewhendrivenbysailorwhenonroughwater:hencetheywereunsuitableforthevoyagetotheEast.EveniftheyhuggedtheAfricancoastline,theyhadlittlechanceofsurvivingacrossingoftheIndianOceanShortlyafter1400.Shipbuildersbegandevelop
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