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1、托托网托福模拟考试软件2.0配套资料托福TPO3真题全阅读文本附答案译文下载地址http://www.tuotuowang.comARCHITECTURE(TPO3-1)Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisua
2、larts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructure
3、sthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuild
4、inganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,h
5、avechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworld’sarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithsta
6、ndtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesit
7、wasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesi
