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1、Stage-directionanddramaIwanttosayfirstofallthatintheWesternculturethefirstformsofperformancewestillhavesometracesofdatebacktothefifthcenturyb[efore].C.andtheyharmoniouslycombinedsongandrecitation;thatistosay:therewasatext(writtenbyanauthorbeforethestagingandlearntbyheartbytheactorsduringtherehearsa
2、ls)andthistextonthestagewaspartiallysungandpartiallyrecited,saidbytheactors.Intheperformancesofthepre-Christianage–that,incidentally,aroseanddevelopedinGreece–thedancewasafundamentalpartandhadanimportantrole.Todaywedon’tknowexactlyhowsong,recitation(speech)anddancewerecombined,butweknowwellthatthey
3、weresimultaneouslypresent.Wecansaythatbetweenthesixthcenturyb.C.andnowadaystherecitedpartgrewmoreandmoreandtookabiggerandbiggerpower,tosuchanextentthatinmanyformsofWesterntheatresonganddancetotallyhavedisappeared.But,ofcourse,thisistrueonlyifwespeakinaverygeneralway.Infact,todayandduringtheprevious
4、2500years,someformsofperformancecombinedrecitation,songanddanceinvariousways,andotherformscombinedtwoofthem.Themostlong-livedexampleistheItalianopera,thatarosein1600andthattodaystillexists.NowadaysintheWesternculturethemostpopularisthetheatrewhichisonly“spoken”,“said”,withoutdanceandsong.Wecansayth
5、atitwasborninthefifteenthcenturyinItaly,intheperiodthatwecallRenaissance,whensomeresearchersfoundtheGreekandLatinancienttheatricaltexts,i.e.thedramaswritteninGreeceandinRome:inGreecebyAeschylus,Sophocles,EuripidesandAristophanesduringthecenturiesbeforeChrist,andinRomebyotherauthorsasPlautus,Terence
6、andSenecasomecenturieslaterthaninGreece.AsIsaid,intheancienttimesthesetextswererecited,sunganddanced(orrather:theywerestagedinthiswayinGreece;thesituationofLatintheatrewasabitdifferent).Inanycase,whentheItalianauthorsoftheRenaissancefoundtheseancienttexts,theythoughtthattheywereonlyrecited,andtheyb
7、egantowritesomedramasmodelledontheancientdramasandtheybegantostagethemthroughrecitation,withoutsonganddance,becausetheythoughtthatinthatwaytheywerestagedinGreeceandinRome.Isaid“drama”,butImustspecify.InEngl
