中国的崛起及其对日本创新的竞争效应（英文）

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1、Contents1.INTRODUCTION12.THERISEOFTHEPRCINWORLDTRADE23.DATAANDVARIABLES63.1Firm-levelPatentData63.2JapanIndustryProductivityData74.EMPIRICALSPECIFICATIONANDRESULTS95.RESULTS106.CONCLUSION13REFERENCES14APPENDIX171.INTRODUCTIONThispaperexaminesthe“‘defensiveinnovation”hypothesisfirstdiscussedinWoo

2、d(1994)andsubsequentlyformalizedinThoenigandVerdier(2003).Asareactiontoimportcompetitionfromlow-wageeconomies,firmsindevelopedeconomieswouldrespondbyupgradingtheirinnovativeactivities,leadingto“defensiveskill-biasedinnovation.”Inabroadercontext,theeffectofcompetitionontherateofinnovationhasbeeno

3、neofthemoststudiedareasintheliterature(e.g,Aghionetal.2005).Inthestudymostrelevanttoourpaper,Bloometal.(2016)foundthatalargesampleofEuropeanfirmsincreasedawiderangeoftheirinnovativeactivities(patenting,researchanddevelopment(R&D)expenditures,computeruse,andtheTFPgrowth),drivenbyintensifiedcompet

4、itionfromthePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC).Thisinnovationwasconductedwithin-firm.1Buildingonthefoundationsetbythepreviouslymentionedstudies,thispaperexaminesthecausaleffectofintensifiedChineseimportcompetitionontheinnovativeactivitiesofapanelofJapanesefirmsfortheperiod1994–2005.Wefocusonpatentusag

5、edataasanindicatorofinnovativeoutputs.Unlikeotherstudiesusingpatentstatistics,thisstudyaddstotheliteraturebyexploringstrategicpatentusageasresponsestoimportcompetitionfromalow-wageeconomy(thePRC).Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatpatentstatisticsaremeaningfulproxiesforfirm-levelinnovation,butitiswell

6、knownthatfirm-levelpatentingservesasmuchmorethanjustanindicatorofknowledgecapitaloutput(Nagaokaetal.2010).Well-knowninventorsurveys(e.g.,theRIETI-GeorgiaTechUS-Japansurvey)haverevealedthatmanyofthepatentsarenotusedtointroducenewproductsintothemarket;instead,theyareusedaseffectivestrategicinstrum

7、entsto“block”othercompetitorsfrominnovatingorimitating.BoldrinandLevine(2013)presentanicecaseinvolvingMicrosoft—amarketincumbentwithastockpileofpatentsblockingGoogleinthesmartphonemarket).Studyinginnovativefirms’responsestoC