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1、姓名:刘峻霖班级:通信143班学号:2014101108ComputerLanguageandProgrammingI.IntroductionProgramminglanguages,incomputerscience,aretheartificiallanguagesusedtowriteasequenceofinstructions(acomputerprogram)thatcanberunbyacomputer.Similartonaturallanguages,suchasEnglish
2、,programminglanguageshaveavocabulary,grammar,andsyntax.However,naturallanguagesarenotsuitedforprogrammingcomputersbecausetheyareambiguous,meaningthattheirvocabularyandgrammaticalstructuremaybeinterpretedinmultipleways.Thelanguagesusedtoprogramcomputer
3、smusthavesimplelogicalstructures,andtherulesfortheirgrammar,spelling,andpunctuationmustbeprecise.Programminglanguagesvarygreatlyintheirsophisticationandintheirdegreeofversatility.Someprogramminglanguagesarewrittentoaddressaparticularkindofcomputingpro
4、blemorforuseonaparticularmodelofcomputersystem.Forinstance,programminglanguagessuchasFORTRANandCOBOLwerewrittentosolvecertaingeneraltypesofprogrammingproblems—FORTRANforscientificapplications,andCOBOLforbusinessapplications.Althoughtheselanguageswered
5、esignedtoaddressspecificcategoriesofcomputerproblems,theyarehighlyportable,meaningthattheymaybeusedtoprogrammanytypesofcomputers.Otherlanguages,suchasmachinelanguages,aredesignedtobeusedbyonespecificmodelofcomputersystem,orevenbyonespecificcomputerinc
6、ertainresearchapplications.Themostcommonlyusedprogramminglanguagesarehighlyportableandcanbeusedtoeffectivelysolvediversetypesofcomputingproblems.LanguageslikeC,PASCALandBASICfallintothiscategory.II.LanguageTypesProgramminglanguagescanbeclassifiedaseit
7、herlow-levellanguagesorhigh-levellanguages.Low-levelprogramminglanguages,ormachinelanguages,arethemostbasictypeofprogramminglanguagesandcanbeunderstooddirectlybyacomputer.Machinelanguagesdifferdependingonthemanufacturerandmodelofcomputer.High-levellan
8、guagesareprogramminglanguagesthatmustfirstbetranslatedintoamachinelanguagebeforetheycanbeunderstoodandprocessedbyacomputer.Examplesofhigh-levellanguagesareC,C++,PASCAL,andFORTRAN.Assemblylanguagesareintermediatelanguagesthatareveryclosetomachi