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1、Lecture7StephenCrane1・Backgroundquestions:HowmuchdoyouknowaboutStephenCrane'srestlesslifeandhisliterarycareer?StephenCranedlifewasrestlessandunevenandintenselyAmerican.BominNewark,NewJersey,thefourteenthchildofaMethodistpastor,hewasthetypicalAmerican
2、boy,playingbaseball,boxing,andhunting・IncollegehebecametheyoungestcaptainandthebestshortstoptheSyracuseUniversitybaseballeverhad.Hismother,whosupportedthefamilyafterherhusband'sdeath,diedwhenStephenwaseighteen,andforthenextfiveyearshelivedinNewYorkan
3、dnearlystarved.TheBoweryslumsandamedicalstudentsItisknownthat"TheOpenBoat*1isbasedonanactualincidentfromStephenCrane'slife.Whatisthat?Publishedin1897,HTheOpenBoatMisbasedonanactualincidentfromStephenCrane'slifeinJanuaryofthatyear.WhiletravelingtoCuba
4、toworkasanewspapercorrespondentduringtheCubaninsurrectionagainstSpain,Cranewasstrandedatseaforthirtyhoursafterhisship,theCommodore,sankoffthecoastofFlorida.Craneandthreeothermenwereforcedtonavigatetheirwaytoshoreinasmallboat.Oneofthemen,anoilernamedB
5、illyHiggins,drownedwhiletryingtoswimtoshore.Cranewrotethestory"TheOpenBoatMsoonafterward・Becauseofthework'sphilosophicalspeculations,HTheOpenBoat11isoftenclassifiedasaworkofNaturalism.WhatdoyouknowarethemainfeaturesofAmericanNaturalismasaliterarymove
6、ment?NaturalismisatheoryinAmericanliteratureemphasizingtheroleofheredity(遗传)andenvironmentuponhumanlifeandcharacterdevelopmentroughlybetween1890，sandearly1900.ThetermwasintroducedtotheUnitedStatesbyFrankNorrisattheendofthe1880s.Hehadspentayearstudyi
7、ngartinParisandhadbeenmuchimpressedbyEmileZola.LikemanyotherEuropeanwritersandartists,ZolahadbeenimpressedbyDarwin^stheoryofevolution.Thisexplainedman'soriginintheanimalworldandhisdevelopmentfromahigherprimateintoacaveman,andfinallyafullyhumanbeing.D
8、arwinalsoemphasizedtheroleplayedbythestruggleforexistenceincreatingordestroyingdifferentspeciesofplantandanimallife.Thefit—thoseadaptedtocurrentconditions—survivedandhaddescendants,whilethosepoorlyadaptedtotheirsurroundingsdiedoutleavingnoonetocarryo
