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1、Passage1Beforethe1850stheUnitedStateshadanumberofsmallcolleges,mostofthemdatingfromcolonialdays.Theyweresmall,church-connectedinstitutionswhoseprimaryconcernwastoshapethemoralcharacteroftheirstudents.ThroughoutEurope,institutionsofhigherlearninghaddeveloped,bearingtheancie
2、ntnameofuniversity.InGermanyadifferentkindofuniversityhaddeveloped.TheGermanuniversitywasconcernedprimarilywithcreatingandspreadingknowledge,notmorals.Betweenmid-centuryandtheendofthe1800s,morethanninethousandyoungAmericans,dissatisfiedwiththeirtrainingathome,wenttoGermany
3、foradvancedstudy.Someofthemreturnedtobecomepresidentsofvenerablecolleges—Harvard,Yale,Columbiaandtransformthemintomodernuniversities.Thenewpresidentsbrokealltieswiththechurchesandbroughtinanewkindoffaculty.Professorswerehiredfortheirknowledgeofasubject,notbecausetheywereof
4、theproperfaithandhadastrongarmfordiscipliningstudents.Thenewprinciplewasthatauniversitywastocreateknowledgeaswellaspassiton,andthiscalledforafacultycomposedofteacher-scholars.DrillingandlearningbyrotewerereplacedbytheGermanmethodoflecturinginwhichtheprofessor'sownresearchw
5、aspresentedinclass.GraduatetrainingleadingtothePh.D,anancientGermandegreesignifyingthehighesteve:ofadvancedscholarlyattainment,wasintroduced.Withtheestablishmentoftheseminarsystem,graduatestudentslearnedtoquestion,analyze,andconducttheirownresearch・Atthesametime,thenewuniv
6、ersitygreatlyexpandedinsizeandcourseofferings,breakingcompletelyoutoftheold,constrictedcumculumofmathematics,classics,rhetoric,andmusic.ThepresidentofHarvardpioneeredtheelectivesystem,bywhichstudentswereabletochoosetheirowncoursesofstudy.Thenotionofmajorfieldsofstudyemerge
7、d・Thenewgoalwastomaketheuniversityrelevanttotherealpursuitsoftheworld.Payingcloseheedtothepracticalneedsofsociety,thenewuniversitiestrainedmenandwomentoworkatitstasks,withengineeringstudentsbeingthemostcharacteristicofthenewregime.Studentswerealsotrainedaseconomists,archit
8、ects,agriculturalists,socialwelfareworkers,andteachers.1.Theword"this"inline14referstowhi
