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1、【美国】Chapter2TheRealisticPeriod现实主义时期1.Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife・由于对现实牛活产牛了浓厚的兴趣,产牛了新的创作灵感。2・ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯,亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。3.Inshort,theysetthe
2、exampleandchartedthefuturecourseforthesubjects,themes,techniquesandstylesoffictionwesti11cal1modern.总之,他们为后来的现实文学在题材,技巧和风格上都树立了典范。4.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhi
3、sstories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的屮产阶级及其生活方式,而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。5.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor"stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic•总之,自然主义产生现实主义,只是在创作上更富讽刺,更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。(I)MarkTwain马克.吐温6.MarkT
4、wainisconsideredas"thetruefatherofAmericannationalliterature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。7.TwoofthebestbooksduringthisperiodareTheadventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn・Theformerisusuallyregardedasaclassicbookwrittenforboysabouttheirparticularhorrorsandjo
5、ys,whi1ethelatter,beingaboy"sbookspeciallywrittenfortheadults,isTwain'smostrepresentativework,describingajourneydowntheMississippiundertakenbytwofugitives,HuckandJim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事,却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说,描写两个流
6、浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。8.TheAdventuresofTomSawyerand,especially,itssequenceAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnprovedthemselvestobethemilestoneinAmericanliterature・《汤姆.索亚历险记》,尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。9・ThechildhoodofTomSawyerandHuckFinnintheMississippiisarecordofavanishedway
7、oflifeinthepre-CivilWarMississippivalleyandithasmovedmillionsofpeopleofdifferentagesandconditionsallovertheworld;andthebooksarenotedfortheirunpretentious,colloquialyetpoeticstyle,theirwide-ranginghumor,andtheiruniversallyshareddreamofperfectinnocenceandfreedom.汤姆•
8、索亚和哈克•芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录,感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直,口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格,广泛的幽默,天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。10.Hemingwayoncedescribedthenoveltheonebookfromwhich“allmod