水文学介绍用,英语翻译

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1、Hydrology水文学1historyThefirsthydraulicprojecthasbeenlostinthemistsofprehistory・Perhapssomeprehistoricmanfoundthatpileofrocksacrossastreamwouldraisethewaterlevelsufficientlytooverflowthelandthatwasthesourceofhiswildfoodplantsandwaterthemduringadrought.Whateverthee

2、arlyhistoryofhydraulics,abundantevidenceexiststoshowthatthebuildersunderstoodlittlehydrology・EarlyGreekandRomanwritingsindicatedthatthesepeoplecouldaccepttheoceansastheultimatesourceofallwaterbutcouldnotvisualizeprecipitationequalingorexceedingstream-flow・Typica

3、loftheideasofthetimewasaviewthatseawatermovedundergroundtothebaseofthemountains.Thereanaturalstilldesaltedwater,andthevaporrosethroughconduitstothemountaintops,whereitcondensedandescapedatthesourcespringsofthestreams.MarcusVitruviusPollio(ca.100B・C.)seemstohaveb

4、eenoneofthefirsttorecognizetheroleofprecipitationasweacceptittoday.最早的水利工程在有史以前就已经销声匿迹了。也许史前的人曾发现横贯河流的一堆石头就能提高水位，足以淹没作为生长野生食用植物源泉的土地，而这样在干旱季节就能给植物浇水。不论水力学的早期如何，充分的的迹彖表明，建造者们还不懂多少水文学知识。早期的希腊和罗马文献说明这些人承认海洋是一切水的主耍源泉，但是不能想象降雨量会等于或超过河道径流量。当时典型的想法是海水从地下流到山脉底部，那儿有一个天然蒸

5、憎器除去水屮的盐分，水汽通过管道上升到山顶，在那里凝结，并从河流的源头流走。M.V.波利欧(大约公元前100年)看来就是像我们今天这样认识降水作用最早的人。LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)wasthenexttosuggestamodemviewofthehydrologiccycle,butitremainedforPierrePerrault(1608・1680)tocomparemeasuredrainfallwiththeestimatedflowoftheSeineRivertoshowt

6、hatthestream-flowwasaboutone-sixthoftheprecipitation.TheEnglishastronomerHalley(1656・1742)measuredevaporationfromasmallpanandestimatedevaporationfromtheMediterraneanSeafromthesedata.Aslateas1921,however,somepeoplestillquestionedtheconceptofthehydrologiccycle・达芬奇

7、(1452-1519)是提出水文循环现代观点的第二个人，但一直到P.贝罗特(1608-1680)才把观测的雨量与估算的塞纳河的径流暈进行比较,说明河川径流暈约为降雨暈的1/6.英国天文家哈罗(哈雷)从一个小盘子中测得的蒸发量，并且用这一资料估算地中海的蒸发量。然而直到1921年，有一些人仍然对水文循环的概念表示怀疑。PrecipitationwasmeasuredinIndiaasearlyasthefourthcenturyB.C.,butsatisfactorymethodsformeasuringstream-f

8、lowwereamuchlaterdevelopment.Frontinus,watercommissionerofRomeinA.D.97,basedestimatesofflowoncross-sectionalareaalonewithoutregardtovelocity.IntheUnitedStates,organiz