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1、EnvironmentandPlanningA2013,volume45,pages2515–2534doi:10.1068/a44710Sandwichestimationformulti-unitreportingonastratifiedheterogeneoussurfaceJin-FengWangLREIS,InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNatureResourcesResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100101,PRChina;e-ma
2、il:wangjf@Lreis.ac.cnRobertHainingDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB23EN,England;e-mail:rph26@cam.ac.ukTie-JunLiu,Lian-FaLi,Cheng-ShengJiangLREIS,InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNatureResourcesResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100101,PRChi
3、na;e-mail:liutj@Lreis.ac.cn,lilf@Lreis.ac.cn,jiangcs@Lreis.ac.cnReceived31December2011;inrevisedform17October2012Abstract.Spatialsamplingiswidelyusedinenvironmentalandsocialresearch.Inthispaperweconsiderthesituationwhereinsteadofasingleglobalestimateofthemeanofanattr
4、ibuteforanarea,estimatesarerequiredforeachofmanygeographicallydefinedreportingunits(suchascountiesorgridcells)becausetheirmeanscannotbeassumedtobethesameastheglobalfigure.Notonlymaysurveycostsgreatlyincreaseifsamplesizehastobeafunctionofthenumberofreportingunits,esti
5、matorsamplingerrortendstobelargeifthepopulationattributeofeachreportingunitcanbeestimatedbyusingonlythosesamplesactuallylyinginsidetheunititself.Thisstudyproposesacomputationallysimpleapproachtomulti-unitreportingbyusinganalysisofvarianceandincorporating‘twice-strati
6、fied’statistics.Weassumethat,althoughtheareaisheterogeneous(themeanvariesacrossthearea),itcanbezoned(orstratified)intohomogeneoussubareas(themeanisconstantwithineachsubarea)and,inaddition,thatitispossibletoacquirepriorknowledgeaboutthispartition.Thiszoningofthestudya
7、reaisindependentofthereportingunits.Thezoneestimatesaretransferredtothereportingunits.Wecallthemethodologysandwichestimationandwereporttwocontrastingempiricalstudiestodemonstratetheapplicationofthemethodologyandtocompareitsperformanceagainstsomeotherexistingmethodsfo
8、rtacklingthisproblem.Ourstudyshowsthatsandwichestimationperformswellagainsttwootherfrequentlyused,probabilistic,model-basedapproach
