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1、1ImagingDetectorsandElectronics–AViewoftheFutureHelmuthSpielerLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,PhysicsDivision,Berkeley,CA94720,U.S.A.InvitedKeynoteTalkFifthInternationalWorkshoponRadiationImagingDetectorsUniversityofLatvia,Riga,September7-11,2003AbstractImagingsensorsandreadoutelectronics
2、havemadetremendousstridesinthepasttwodecades.Theapplicationofmodernsemiconductorfabricationtechniquesandtheintro-ductionofcustomizedmonolithicintegratedcircuitshavemadelargescaleimagingsys-temsroutineinhighenergyphysics.Thistechnologyisnowfindingitswayintootherareas,suchasspacemissions,synch
3、rotronlightsources,andmedicalimaging.Ireviewcurrentdevelopmentsanddiscussthepromiseandlimitsofnewtechnologies.Severaldetectorsystemsaredescribedasexamplesoffuturetrends.Thediscussionemphasizessemiconductordetectorsystems,butIalsoincluderecentdevelopmentsforlarge-scalesuperconductingdetectora
4、rrays.IntroductionGazingintothefutureisalwaysrisky,soI’vebackedoffabitbycallingmypresentation“aview”.Viewscanreachfar,ornotsofar,asshowninFig.1.Timewilltellhowper-ceptivethisviewis.Imagingdetectorsincludeawiderangeofapplications,butIwillrestrictthediscussiontodevicesthatemphasizehighsensitiv
5、ityorresolution.Togaugetherateofprogresswemightexpect,itisusefultogobackandseewherewewere10to20yearsago.Fig.1Viewscanreachfar(left),ornotsofar(right).ImagingDetectorsandElectronics–AViewoftheFutureHelmuthSpielerIWORID2003,Riga,Latvia,September7-11,2003LBNL21.Wherewerewetwodecadesago?1.1.Sens
6、orsForimagingvisiblelightwehadphotographicemulsionsandCCDs.Emulsionswerestillthemainstayofastronomicalobservations.ThefirstCCDswithgoodquantumefficiencyandtheveryhighchargetransferefficiencyneededforfaintlightimagingwerejustbecomingavailable.Evenafterthepowerofthesedeviceshadbeendemonstrated
7、,ittookyearsforastronomerstoadoptthisnewtechnology.Today,CCDsdominatethefield(see[1]foranhistoricaloverview).Imagingx-rayswasthedomainofwirechambers.Multiwireproportionalchamberswerecommon.Low-noiseelectronicsstilllargelyrequireddiscreteinputstages
